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hyperventilation can last 10 to 15 minutes. It does not occur in all cold water 
immersions.

Cold shock can complicate a rescue. The gasp reflex can interfere with ones roll
due to the involuntary breathing in of water. The hyperventilation will prevent 
a person from holding their breath for very long complicating the ability to do 
a reentry and roll. The hyperventilation can also cause panic in some people due
to the inability to breath properly and/or the breathing in of water in rough 
seas.

********

Is this information meant to scare me away from cold water?

No, but it is meant to help educate people on the dangers of cold water. This 
will hopefully result in the people who do paddle in cold water to realize the 
risk they are taking and to take the proper precautions. 

********************************************************************************

Section 7: History
Author: Sam Crowley(historical), Alex Ferguson(modern)

"Many people nowadays are vastly impressed with the greatness of our age, with 
all the inventions and the progress of which we daily hear, and which appear 
indisputably to exalt the highly-gifted white race far over all others. These 
people would learn much by paying close attention to the development of the 
Eskimos, and to the tools and inventions by aid of which they obtain the 
necessaries of life among natural surroundings which place such pitifully small 
means at their disposal."

- Fridtjof Nansen from _Eskimo Life_ published in 1894

***************************

What does kayak mean?

Hunters boat. The boats primary purpose was to hunt animals on inland lakes,
rivers and the sea. In many places where the native kayakers lived they had to 
turn to the water for food because the land was not fertile enough to support 
their population. It was also used for transportation across open water and 
rivers. Most but not all kayaks are considered seaworthy. 

It was made of seal skins and wood. The wood was driftwood that was collected 
off of beaches. Many of the areas where kayaks were paddled are void of the land
based raw materials used in making birchbark canoes or dugout canoes. 

Archaeologists have found evidence indicating kayaks to be at least 4000 years 
old. 

The word kayak appears in literature spelled different ways: kyak, kyack, kaiak,
qajaq.

********

What does baidarka mean?

It refers to the double and triple kayaks developed by the Alaskan Aleut. It was
used for hunting and transporting those unable to paddle. Some groups considered
it a waste to have the second paddler be a capable paddler. The triples are 
considered to have appeared after the Europeans appeared. The Russians are 
thought to have forced the Aleut to make a third hole so they could travel along
with them and not have to paddle. The triples were also used to transport 
missionaries.

********

What is an umiak?

An umiak is an open decked boat made with seal skins and wood. It was paddled
with single bladed paddles and typically had more than one paddler. It ranged in
size from 17 feet to 60 feet. The umiak was typically seaworthy.

Some groups lived nomadically to follow animal migrations. In these groups, the 
umiak was used primarily for transporting household goods, children, elderly and
those unable to paddle a kayak. The women of the village would paddle the umiak 
since the men were paddling their kayaks. In other groups it was used for 
hunting walrus and whale. It was paddled by men and sometimes women during these
hunts. 

It is thought the kayak originally started out as a decked over umiak and 
evolved into its traditional form.

It is also called a baydar.

Sometimes the umiak was used to hunt together with the kayaks. 

********

Did all native kayaking groups use the two bladed paddle?

No. Some groups used the two bladed paddle exclusively and some groups used the 
one bladed paddle exclusively. It many times depended on the boats design. Some 
groups that used two bladed paddles also kept one or two one bladed paddles with
them to use for stealthier paddling when hunting or for use as a spare.

There were groups that used the single bladed paddle to roll. 

********

Did all native kayakers know how to roll?

No. The Greenland Inuits and the Alaskan Aleuts were well known for their rolls 
but not all native kayakers knew how to roll or needed a roll.

The Greenlanders were the masters of the roll. Their narrow boats, the 
conditions they paddled in and unexpected complications during hunting required 
them to develop numerous different rolls. In addition to the typical rolling 
with a paddle, numerous "trick" rolls were known such as rolling with the paddle
held by one hand, using a harpoon shaft or using just an open or closed hand. 
The reasons for this is during a hunt the harpoon line could tangle and upset 
the boat or an injured animal sometimes attacked the hunter. In either case if 
the hunter is holding something he does not want to drop (like a knife) or the 
paddle is temporarily stowed, he had to use these rolls. The Greenlanders also 
used the bow rescue described below.

Some native kayakers used several different methods instead of a roll. One is 
the bow rescue where a paddling partners bow is used to pull one self up. This 
technique relied heavily on somebody being close by. In another technique the 
paddler pulled themselves into the boat and breathed the air inside the boat 
until somebody showed up and a bow rescue could be performed. This technique 
required a boat one could crawl into and someone showing up before the oxygen 
inside the boat was used up. Certain groups added ballast to their boats to make
them stable, the weight varied from 50-100 pounds.

********

How were kayaks made?

Driftwood would be collected from beaches. The wood would be formed using the 
tools they had. Tools would have been chipped or ground out of stone, such as 
obsidian, chert, quartz, or slate; carved from antler, ivory, wood, or bone; or
cold-hammered out of meteoric iron or native copper. Wood used was typically 
fir, pine, spruce and willow. The addition of iron-based tools did decrease the 
amount of time spent building a kayak since iron does not dull as quickly as 
traditional materials. Historians are not in agreement if iron improved the 
quality of the kayak or not. Peterson, in _Skinboats of Greenland_,  presents 
some information that it did.

Seal skins would then be sewn onto a complete frame. Typical skin used was from 
the bearded seal but some groups did use the sea lion, caribou and walrus skins. 
The hair was removed from the skins. The skins were treated with oil for 
waterproofness. Oil typically had to be applied every 4-8 days depending on the 
skin used. Care was taken that when a boat was in daily use, that it was removed
from the water and allowed to dry once a day.

Sinew was used to lash the frame and sew the skins. The seam on the skins was 
waterproof because the stitches did not completely pass through the skin.

********

What is the difference between a modern kayak and a traditional kayak?

There are obvious differences in the materials used. In addition a modern rigid 
kayak typically has several added safety features such as bulkheads and hatches.

Skegs and rudders appeared on some traditional kayaks but the design was thought
to be influenced by western cultures. Most of the features used in modern hull 
designs can be found in traditional kayak hull designs. The modern skin boat is 
very similar to a traditional kayak although the modern day skin used is 
typically waterproofed canvas.

It is important to realize the significant change in the boats use from 
traditional use to modern use. No longer is the boat used for hunting but 
instead for recreation. This represents a fundamental change that has affected 
the boat design and its equipment.

********

Where did the native kayakers live?

In the arctic of North America from the Aleutian Islands to the East coast of 
Greenland. This included southern Siberia, the Bering Strait and Northern 
Canada. Some groups were nomadic and were constantly searching for better 
hunting grounds. Other groups were not nomadic and lived year round in the same 
location. Some locations had only 90 days a year for open water and other 
locations had open water year round.

********

Were all the boat designs the same?

No, the designs were specialized for the local conditions and needs of the 
hunters. Some areas had exposed coasts and other areas were relatively 
protected. Some groups had to transport their kayaks over a long distance to the
water and other groups were right next to the water. Transporting the dead 
animals back to the village was a problem solved in different ways by hunters in
different areas. 

One historian breaks seagoing kayak designs into five basic forms with minor 
changes for local conditions. The different designs are found in Greenland, 
Baffin Island, the Bering Strait south to the Aleutians, southeastern Siberia 
and the Aleutian islands. 

********

What did they wear?

They used jackets made from skins which were typically waterproof. The wrists 
and face openings were drawn tight for waterproofness. The waist fit tightly 
around the cockpit coaming. These formed watertight seals so water did not enter
while performing a roll or punching through waves. The jacket used by the 
Greenlanders helped provide buoyancy when sculling. On warm days they used the 
equivalent of a spray skirt instead of the jacket. They used mittens made of 
skin to keep their hands warm. Some groups wore hats with a large brim for 
protection from the sun and salt spray.

********

What animals were hunted?

Caribou on the inland waters and virtually any sea mammal at sea. The sea 
mammals included the seal, sea otter, walrus and whale. Fish such as halibut and
assorted birds were also hunted. All the groups did not hunt all of these 
animals. Some groups avoided hunting certain animals for practical and/or 
spiritual reasons.

********

How did they get the animals back to the village?

It depended on the type of kayak used. Some groups would carry the animal on top
of their deck. This method required a boat with a large volume so it could 
handle a 150+ pound animal (typically seal) on top of it. Another method was to 
land and butcher the animal on shore and stuff the butchered meat into the boat.
This method relied on there being enough volume inside the boat for the meat. A 
gaff hook was used to retrieve the meat since they did not have any hatches. 
Another method was to tow the animal. Since a freshly killed animal would sink, 
air would be blown into the animal and a wooden stopper used as a plug or an air
bladder would be tied to the animal. They would be tied along side the boat. 
Floats were used so the dead animal could be cast loose and later recovered in 
case another animal was spotted or the sea conditions became too rough. In the 
case of birds or fish, they were often carried under deck lines and fish were 
sometimes towed after being killed.

********

What hunting tools were used?

A harpoon was used together with a rope and an air bladder. The harpoon tip is 
attached to the air bladder with the rope. The harpoon tip was detachable from 
the harpoon shaft to allow the animal to thrash about and not break the shaft. 
The rope was typically made of seal skin. The rope would be coiled on the front 
deck and allowed to play out once an animal was harpooned. 

A javelin was also used and is similar to the harpoon. The difference is the tip
and air bladder stay attached to the shaft with rope. 

The harpoon used a larger air bladder  than a javelin which allowed larger 
marine animals to be hunted. The harpoons air bladders also were used for adding
floatation to the kayak in case of puncture or water leakage. They were 
sometimes used in rescues.

A lance was used to kill an animal that was close by. 

A knife was carried to kill a wounded animal or to prepare it to be taken in to 
land.

Bird darts were spears with three or four forward slanted spikes. The spikes
allowed a bird to be brought down if the spear tip did not penetrate the bird 
and instead slid along its body. 

A throwing stick (sometimes referred to as a throwing board or an atlatl) was 
used to boost the range of a spear or harpoon. 

A white blind was used by some hunters to camouflage their upper bodies so they 
could sneak up on resting seals. 

All these could be carried on the deck and ready for immediate use. The deck 
lines were skin with toggles and bone used to fasten items. 

Bows and arrows typically were not used. The reasons for this is the difficulty 
of handling one in a kayak and water would cause the bow string to stretch 
rendering the bow useless. 

********

Was kayak hunting dangerous?

Very dangerous.

Some times a wounded animal wound attack the kayak. Walrus and whales were 
especially dangerous when injured. Some times a walrus would attack a kayak even
if the kayak was not hunting it. Sometimes the harpoon line would tangle and 
upset the kayak. 

It is important to remember these people had no thermal protection against the 
cold waters when they wet exited since there was no equivalent to the wetsuit or
drysuit (although in Greenland there was an equivalent to the modern drysuit but
that was only used by Umiak crews hunting whales). The water temperature they 
paddled in could be as low as 27 degrees F since saltwater has a lower freezing 
point than freshwater. Glaciers helped to lower the water temperature by calving
icebergs into the water. To wet exit the boat was considered suicide by many 
groups. Also, there was no equivalent to the modern PFD.

In South Greenland in 1888 there were 162 deaths. 90 were males and 24 of the 
males died while kayaking. In 1889, there were 272 deaths. 152 were male and 24 
died while kayaking. The population consisted of 5614 of which there were 2591 
males.

********

What happened to the kayaking cultures?

As with most native cultures, outside cultural influences changed the native 
culture and the peoples need for kayaking. Manufactured goods slowly replaced 
the traditional materials. Lumber instead of driftwood for the boat frames, iron
for the spear tips, the gun replaced the hunting tools, and eventually the power
boat replaced the kayak. In some cases the depletion of the local animals due to
overhunting caused a decline in kayaking.

Today traditional kayaking is kept alive by schools run in Greenland and the 
Aleutian Islands. Much of the traditional kayaking technology and skills have
been lost. Some boat designs survive only in drawings made by early explorers 
that did not have any dimensions. Many kayaks stored in museums were improperly 
stored and have been unintentionally destroyed. All this makes comparison of the
modern kayak and its equipment against the traditional kayak and its equipment 
difficult or impossible. 

********

What is the history of the development of the modern kayaks?

The modern sea kayaks can trace their ancestry via two paths. The first type are
those kayaks that are close copies of the Southwest Greenland kayaks.

In the summer of 1959, Ken Taylor made a private one-man expedition to Western 
Greenland and brought  a kayak back to Scotland. This particular kayak excited 
special interest because it was a more moderate example of the West Greenland
type.

This kayak has been copied a number of times, most noted being the kayak built 
by Geoff Blackford in 1971. Blackford redesigned the boat to fit his own 
particular dimensions, retaining the upturned stern, and ending up with a 
plywood model 17 ft (5.2 m) long with a 21 in. (533 mm) beam. In all other 
respects the craft was identical to Ken Taylor's boat.

Blackford's craft was used as the plug for a fiberglass mould and eventually 
found its way to Frank Goodman of Valley Products who went into commercial 
production under the name 'Anas Acuta'.

A noted British mountaineer and exponent of outdoor education, Colin Mortlock, 
proposed an expedition along the Arctic fiords of Norway to Nordkapp, the 
northern-most cape of Europe. Mortlock and his team paddled the Anas Acuta 
kayaks around the Isle of Skye but believed that a new sort of boat would be 
needed, one that could take huge quantities of supplies without losing too much 
manoeuvreability and seaworthiness.

Eventually Frank Goodman came up with a kayak design, having a basis in the West
Greenland kayaks, but incorporating elements of standard boat design, with a
round bilge capable of the extra payload required, and the 'Nordkapp' was born.
Many modern boats can trace their design lineage from this root.

The second line of descent for modern kayaks is that of the 'Rob Roy' kayaks.

The McGregor "canoe" was built in 1865 to resemble what John McGregor thought he
had seen when looking at sketches of Eskimo kayaks. In shape and size  it is 
fairly similar to a Coaster. The Kleppers were also of a similar style.  Many of
the kayaks designed in the Pacific Northwest of North America have their roots 
in this basic shape.

If the designs of the Greenland and Alaskan kayaks are studied, it is obvious 
that there are a wide range of designs. Each has evolved as suitable for the 
region that it comes from. From this one can see why some designs are popular in
one region and not in another, the Nordkapp style in Britain and New Zealand and
the beamier, flatter boats in northwestern North America. Even in a country as 
small as New Zealand there can be regional preferences, a highly rockered boat 
in the north and flatter, lower windage boats in the South Island, for example.

Wood and wood/fabric were common up until 1950's when fiberglass was introduced.
This was followed by plastic in 1984, the Chinook being the first of the 
rotomolded boats.

********************************************************************************

Section 8: Controversial Topics

First a disclaimer: Your FAQ editor is completely un-opinionated. Do not argue 
with him about these topics. Fill each other's email boxes, use the newsgroup, 
these are INTENDED TO PROMOTE DISCUSSION. However, if you have other topics that
you feel belong in this section, let me know.

Rudders

Some will argue that a good boat does not need a rudder, that they are subject 
to breakage and you should not learn to use them as a crutch. Often these are 
the same people who put skegs on their boats because they are difficult to make 
go straight in certain sea conditions.

Others will argue that a rudder is a tool that improves the safety and 
convenience of a boat, and not having one is pig-headed and blind to the utility
of the device. They do admit, though, that the rudder had better be well 
constructed and durable.

********

Rolling

A roll is an excellent self-rescue tool, and a good first line of defence to an 
accidental tip. It does not absolve you from needing to learn other means of 
self-rescue, because in sea kayaking whatever tipped you over (big waves, high 
winds, fatigue) is still there when you try to roll, and if it was bad enough to
tip you over in the first place, it may make your roll fail as well.

********

British boat mystique

The Brit boats (exemplified by Frank Goodman's Nordkapp and Derek Hutchinson's
Baidarka Explorer) have a certain mystique among sea kayakers. They are designs
proven in rough seas and long expeditions, and they have a number of features
like built in bilge pumps, waterproof hatches and bulkheads, and recessed deck 
line fittings that were safety innovations when they were first introduced.

They are tippy, have small hatches and small cockpits, no rudders (see #1 
above), and a cadre of devoted paddlers who seem to the unwashed masses to look 
down on other, lesser boats (gross generalization alert!)  Be cautious of being 
talked into a boat you may not like by an enthusiast who will assure you that 
this is an 'expert' boat that you will have to 'grow into'. Some are also 
quite old designs that may not perform as well as some newer boats.

There is a definite character to British-designed boats, born from the
personalities that designed and built them, and the seas they were meant to be
used on. Choose wisely and well.

********************************************************************************

Section 9: References

Many of these references can be purchased online from:
The Adventurous Traveller Bookstore
http://www.AdventurousTraveler.com

Books
-----

Equipment, Techniques, and Instruction
--------------------------------------

British Canoe Union Instructor's manual

Burch, David. Fundamentals of Kayak Navigation. Seattle: Pacific Search Press,
1987.

Diaz, Ralph. The Complete Folding Kayaker. McGraw-Hill (Ragged Mountain Press) 
1994.

Dowd, John. Sea Kayaking-A Manual for Long-Distance Touring. Seattle: 
University of Washington Press, 1988.

Foster, Nigel. Sea Kayaking, 1991
Ferndale Books
Duke's Path
High Street
Arundel, West Sussex, BN18 9AJ
UNITED KINGDOM
ISBN 0-906754-60-7

Foster, Nigel. Canoeing: A Beginner's Guide to the Kayak

Harrison, David. Sea Kayaking Basics. Hearst Marine Books, 1993.

Hutchinson, Derek. Derek C. Hutchinson's Guide to Sea Kayaking. Seattle: 
Pacific Search Press, 1985.

Hutchinson, Derek. Sea Canoeing. 3rd ed. London: A. & C. Black (Publishers) 
Ltd., 1984.

Hutchinson, Derek. Eskimo Rolling. Camden, ME: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992.

Jeffs, Howard. Practical Guide to Sea Kayaking.

Petersen, H. C. Instruction in Kayak Building. Roskilde, Denmark: 
Greenland Provincial Museum and Viking Ship Museum, 1982.

Price, Brian _Fundamentals Of Coastal Kayaking Manual for Instructors_
American Canoe Association National Coastal Kayaking Commitee, 1989

Ramwell, J.J. Sea Touring. Huntingdon, Cambs.: John J. Ramwell, 1976.

Sanders, Williams. Kayak Touring. Stackpole Books, 1984.

Seidman, D. The Essential Sea Kayaker. Camden, ME: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992.

Washburne, Randel. Coastal Kayaking Manual.

Adventure
---------

Brower, Kenneth. The Starship and the Canoe. Harper & Row, 1978.

Caffyn, Paul. Cresting the Restless Waves-North Island Kayak Odyssey. 
Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Canoeing Association and Paul Caffyn, 1987.

Caffyn, Paul. Dark Side of the Wave-Stewart Island Kayak Odyssey. 
Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Canoeing Association, 1987.

Caffyn, Paul. Dreamtime Voyage. RD 1, Runanga, Westland, NZ: 
Kayak Dundee Press, 1994.

Caffyn, Paul. Obscured by Waves-South Island Canoe Odyssey. Dunedin, NZ:
John Mcindoe, 1979.

Goddard, John M. Kayaks Down the Nile. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University 
Press, 1979.

Lindemann, Hannes. Alone At Sea. Pollner Verlag, 1993.

Lloyd-Jones, R. Argonauts of the Western Isles, Sea Kayaking off Scotland's
West Coast.

Nordby, Will. Seekers of the Horizon: Sea Kayaking Voyages From Around the 
World. Globe Pequot Press, 1989.

Phillips, C.E. Lucas. Cockleshell Heroes. Weyman & Sons, 1957.

Rice, Larry. Gathering Paradise: Alaska Wilderness Journeys. Fulcrum Publishing,
1990.

Rogers, Joel. The Hidden Coast. Alaska Northwest Books, 1991.

Taylor, B. Commitment and Open Crossing.

Theroux, Paul. The Happy Isles of Oceania: Paddling the Pacific. Putnam, 1992.

Wilson, B. Blazing Paddles.

History
-------

Adney, Edward, & Howard Chapelle. The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North
America. Washington D.C.; Smithsonian Institution, 1964.

Altenhofer, Ursula and Christian. Der Handernkahn. Pollner Verlag, 1989.

Arima, Eugene Y. Inuit Kayaks in Canada: A Review of Historical Records and 
Construction. Ottawa National Museums of Canada, 1987.

Brand, John. The Little Kayak Book-Museum Kayaks: Five Surveys with some 
details of equipment; History of each as far as it is known. Colchester,
Essex: John Brand, 1984.

Chapman, Spencer. Northern Lights. London: Chatto and Windus, 1932.

Chapman, Spencer. Watkins' Last Expedition. London: Chatto and Windus, 1934.

Dyson, George. Baidarka. Edmonds, WA: Alaska Northwest Publishing Company, 
1986.

Kissner, Jack. Foldboat Holidays. Creative Holiday Guides, 1945.

MacGregor, John. A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe. Dixon-Price Publishing
618 West Spacerama, Ste. 1
Murray, UT 84123
Phone: 801-268-3401
Fax: 801-264-0298
http://www.dixonprice.com
dixonpr@dixonprice.com

Nansen, Fridtjof. Eskimo Life. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1893.

Nansen, Fridtjof. Farthest North, Two vols. London: Georege Newnes, Ltd., 
1898.

Nansen, Fridtjof. The First Crossing of Greenland. London: Longmans, Green 
and Co., 1892.

Peterson, H. C. Skinboats of Greenland. Roskilde, Denmark: 
Greenland Provincial Museum and Viking Ship Museum, 1986.

Zimmerly, David W. Hooper Bay Kayak Construction. Ottawa: National Museums
of Canada, 1979.

Zimmerly, David W. QAJAQ-Kayaks of Siberia and Alaska. Juneau, AK: Division
of State Museums, 1986.

Guidebooks
----------

Ince, John and Kottner, Hedi. Sea Kayaking Canada's West Coast. Raxas Books, 
1982.

Jettmar, Karen. The Alaska River Guide. Alaska Northwest Books, 1993.

Venn, Tamsin. Sea Kayaking Along the New England Coast. Appalachian Mountain 
Club, 1991.

Washburne, Randel. Kayak Trips in Puget Sound and the San Juan Islands. The 
Mountaineers, 1986.

Washburne, Randel. The Coastal Kayaker: Kayak Camping on the Alaska and B.C. 
Coast. Globe Pequot Press, 1983.

Other
-----

Anderson, Bob. Stretching. Bolinas, CA: Shelter Publications, 1991.

Bascom, Willard. Waves and Beaches. Doubleday, 1980.

Daniel, Linda. Kayak Cookery-A Handbook of Provisions and Recipes. Seattle: 
Pacific Search Press, 1986.

Forgey, Wm. Wilderness Medicine. ICS Books, Inc., Merrilville, IN: 1987.

Forgey, Wm. Hypothermia-Death by Exposure. ICS Books, Inc., Merrilville, IN: 
1985.

Ilg, Steve. The Outdoor Athlete. Evergreen, CO: Cordillera Press, 1989.

Roberts, Harry. Movin' Out. Stone Wall Press, 1979.

Trefil, James. A Scientist at the Seashore. Collier Books, 1984.

Tricker, R.A.R. Bores, Breakers, Waves and Wakes. London: Mills & Boon, 1964.

Wilkerson, James, ed. Hypothermia, Frostbite and Other Cold Injuries, Seattle:
The Mountaineers, 1986.

Wilkerson, James. Medicine for Mountaineering, 4th ed. Seattle: The 
Mountaineers, 1992.

Williams, Margaret. The Boater's Weather Guide. Cornell Maritime Press, 1990.

Magazines
---------

ANorAK
34 East Queens Way
Hampton, VA 23669

Atlantic Coastal Kayaker
Box 520
Ipswich MA 01938
Phone/Fax: (508)356-2057
Internet: ack@shore.net
http://www.qed.com/ack

Canoe and Kayak
P.O. Box 3146
Kirkland, WA 98083
Phone: (800)678-5432
Internet: randy@canoekayak.com
http://www.canoekayak.com

Folding Kayaker newsletter
PO Box 0754
New York, NY 10024
Phone: (212)724-5069
Internet: rdiaz@ix.netcom.com
author of the folding kayak portion of the FAQ; he will respond to all 
e-mail, phone calls and snail mail

Paddler Magazine
4061 Oceanside Blvd., Suite M
Oceanside, CA 92056
Phone: (619)630-2293
Internet: buchanane@aca-paddler.org
http://www.aca-paddler.org/paddler.htm

Sea Kayaker
PO Box 17170
Seattle, WA 98107-0870
Phone: (206)789-9536
Fax: (206)781-1141
Internet: seakayak@eskimo.com
http://www.eskimo.com/~seakayak

Videos
------

Greenlanders at Kodiak (John Heath) 38min
    Demonstration of Greenland roll techniques

Qajaq Klubben (John Heath), 80min
    Video from a kayak club in Greenland, showing Greenland paddling and 
    roll techniques. Energetic and fascinating, but narrated in Greenlandic!

John Heath's videos can be obtained from him at:

John Heath
5403 County Road 4
Damon, TX 77430
Phone:(409)742-3880

Palos Brudefaerd (sp), Bob Boucher  

Build Your Own Sea Kayak! (Bob Boucher)
    On building a West Greenland style skin and frame kayak

Over and Out! - sea kayak rescues

What next? - sea kayak rescues

Performance Sea Kayaking.  The basics and beyond.
Kent Ford
Performance Video and Instruction, Inc.
550 Riverbend St.   Durango, CO, 81301  USA
Phone: (888)259-5805 24 hours toll free in US
Fax: (970)259-4148 
Internet: http://www.performancevideo.com

Sea Kayaking: Getting Started
Larry Holman
Phone: (415)927-3786
Fax: (415)924-1354
Internet: kayak@nbn.com
http://www.seakayakvideo.com

********************************************************************************

Section 10: Associations, Clubs, Manufacturers, Outfitters, Shops

For an extensive listing of canoe and kayak websites, see:
http://www.infohub.com/TRAVEL/ADVENTURE/RECREATION/kayaking.html

********

Associations
------------

American Canoe Association

The United States governing body of paddlesport, the ACA offers event 
sanctioning, instructor certification, and liability insurance.

Mailing Address:
7432 Alban Station Blvd. Suite B-226
Springfield, VA 22150

Phone: (703)451-0141

Fax: (703)451-2245

Email: acadirect@aol.com

WWW URL: www.aca-paddler.org

********

N.A.W.T.C.- - North American Water Trails Conference

There is some exciting news for paddlers in seeking places to paddle.  An
outgrowth of the first international conference held in the Fall of 93 on
the Hudson River, the concept of a continent wide system of water trails is
rapidly moving forward to the reality stage.

The NAWTC is a coalition of private, non-profit, and public
benefit organizations and agencies, who share a common desire;
to build a truly contiguous North American Water Trail system for the
boating public and promoting Ecotourism (a balance of resource
protection, recreational access and user responsibility).

NAWTC is truly national in scope as can be seen by its volunteer officers:
   President: David Getchell,Sr. - Maine Island Trail Association,
   Vice-President: Franz Gimmler - Chesapeake Water Trail,
   Secretary: Sandie Nelson - Washington State Water Trails,
   Treasurer: Craig Poole - Hudson River Waterway Association.

Some of these areas already have detailed printed guides to paddling on
their trails such as The Maine Island Trail and the Hudson Waterway's
Paddlers Guide, both of which detail launching spots, camping possibilities
and advice on local conditions and safety concerns.

To request more information or be added to the NAWTC E-mail list send your
request to:  cpoole@earth.cnct.com

Official address is:
North American Water Trails Conference, NAWTC
c/o David Getchell, Sr.
RR 1,  Box 3355
Appleton, Me.   04862

********

Trade Association of Sea Kayaking

An association of outfitters, manufacturers, schools, and shops which promotes 
sea kayaking interests and sponsers symposia.

Mailing Address:
12455 North Wauwatosa Road
Mequon, WI 53097

Phone: (414)242-5228

Fax: (414)242-4428

Email: nwh@earth.execpc.com

WWW URL: http://www.viewit.com/wtr/TASK.html

********

Clubs
-----

California Kayak Friends
Dues:
    $20 per household
Features:
    About 500 members, monthly newsletter, day and camping trips,
    library, videos, other goodies.
Contacts:
    Our Fearless Leader:
	Len Goodman        (818)885-6182
        down2thec@aol.com
    Mailing Address:
	California Kayak Friends
	14252 Culver Drive #A199
	Irvine, CA 92714
    Internet:
        WWW URL: 
            http://www.intelenet.com/clubs/ckf
        Mailing list: 
            ckf-request@lists.intelenet.net

********

Chicago Area Sea Kayaking Association (CASKA)
Dues:
    $15 per household
Features:
    Over 150 members, bimonthly newsletter.
Contacts:
    Chicagoland Canoe Base, (773)777-1489

********

Florida Sea Kayaking Association
Dues:
    $15 individual, $20 family.
Features:
    Bimonthly newsletter, day and camping trips.  Chapters in many 
    parts of the state. Kayaking clinics (kayaking 101, rescues, 
    rolling, surfing, bracing, Greenland techniques, and others).
Contacts:
    Membership:
        Bruce Meier        (904)733-5750
        meierba@navair.navy.mil
    Mailing Address:
        3068 Merlin Dr. N,
        Jacksonville, FL 32257
    Internet:
        WWW URL: 
            http://www.jacksonville.net/~dldecker/fska.htm
        Email to: 
            kayakers@hotmail.com

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