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Archive-name: dogs-faq/service
URL: http://www.k9web.com/dog-faqs/service.html
Last-modified: 04 Dec 2000
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There are many FAQ's available for this group. For a complete
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Service Dogs
Author
Cindy Tittle Moore, cindy@k9web.com
Copyright 1995-1996
Table of Contents
* Dogs for the Blind
* Hearing and Signal Dogs
* Assistance Dogs
* Canine Companions for Independence
* Assistance Dog International (ADI)
* Paws with a Cause (PAWS)
* National Education for Assistance Dog Services, Inc.
* Therapy Dogs
Please note that while legally speaking, therapy dogs are NOT "service
dogs" and NOT entitled to the same benefits that service dogs are
(entrance to any public building or transportation), I have included
them in this document as a related function for dogs. As you read
this, please keep in mind that according to the American Disabilities
Act (federal) any dog assisting a person with a disability is
considered a service dog (exclusive of therapy dogs). Service dogs are
entitled to freely access buildings and transportation (buses, trains,
planes). Proof or certification is not required although many
organizations that train service dogs give their handlers some sort of
ID for their dog.
I have briefly described various "types" of services dogs and listed
resources (books, organizations) for each. I have in addition profiled
several specific organizations to give you a further "feel" for how
these groups work.
_________________________________________________________________
Dogs for the Blind
My thanks to Rusty Wright for the information on Guide Dogs. Thanks
also to Carla Campbell, who contributed substantial additional
information.
Dogs can be trained to guide blind people so that they are able to
negotiate the world otherwise unassisted. They serve as, quite
literally, the eyes for their owner. It is illegal anywhere in the US,
or Canada, or Britain, and most other countries, to deny a blind
person guided by a dog access to any public place. This includes
stores, restaurants, banks, and anywhere else that dogs might be
otherwise prohibited. The Americans with Disabilities Act in the US is
quite clear on this point. The training for such dogs is quite
demanding, as the dog must be able to navigate sidewalks, streets,
stairs -- avoiding all obstacles, including overhead ones that may
injure its owner (but not itself). They must be able to ignore all
distractions while doing their work.
Most commonly referred to as "Seeing Eye Dogs" or "Guide Dogs," there
are in reality many organizations in the US that provide guide dogs
for blind people. However, while Guide Dogs for the Blind is on the
west coast (along with Guide Dogs of the Desert and Guide Dogs of
America, both in southern California, and Eye Dog Foundation in
Arizona) and The Seeing Eye (among many others) is on the east, nearly
all 15 schools in the United States serve people nationwide. In fact,
people can obtain a dog from any of the schools, save five (which
serve only their own geographical regions), and many dogs from The
Seeing Eye, Leader Dogs, Guiding Eyes and the other schools work on
the west coast, while many dogs from Guide Dogs for the Blind work all
around the country. Geographical location is only one factor in
selecting a guide dog training school to attend, and rarely is it the
most important.
This is not the case in all countries with multiple guide dog training
facilities. In the U.K., for example, the Guide Dogs for the Blind
Association (GDBA) operates several regional centers, and sends its
applicants to the center nearest their home for training. All these
regional centers are "branches" or "campuses" of the GDBA, unlike the
diverse American dog guide schools, which are completely independent
from one another. Unlike American schools, the GDBA's regional
training centers are centrally controlled, operating under the same
set of policies, drawing from the same budget and using the same
training methods. In the United States and Canada, only Guide Dogs for
the Blind has any "branches" or presence outside their central
facility. Guide Dogs for the Blind is the first US guide dog training
program to operate two facilities under the same administration, with
its new campus in Boring, Oregon (the first class graduated September
1995).
The breeds used are yellow and black Labrador Retrievers and German
Shepherd Dogs, usually. Others can be used, such as Golden Retrievers,
but usually the centers prefer to use dogs with a high recognition
potential and some breeds simply seem to be better at being trained
for guide service.
The breeds most commonly used as dog guides are Labrador Retrievers,
Golden Retrievers and German Shepherd Dogs. Approximately 60-70% of
all working guides in the U.S. are Labradors. (Yellow, black and
chocolate labs are all used, though most Labradors used as guide dogs
are yellow or black labs and some schools specifically do not use
chocolates.) Other breeds, such as Boxers, Flat and Curly Coated
Retrievers, Border Collies, Huskies, Doberman Pinchers, Rhodesian
Ridgebacks, Australian Shepherds, German Short-Haired Pointers,
Dalmatians, and even Standard Poodles are occasionally used by some
programs. Flat-coated Retrievers, in particular, appear to be gaining
popularity with guide dog training establishments. Crosses of many of
these breeds are also used, by some schools, with Lab-Golden, Lab-GSD
and GSD-Huskie crosses most common. (In Britain and Australia,
Labrador/Golden and Labrador-Poodle crosses ("Labradoodles") are
frequently used as guides, and far more crosses are used, in general,
than by the U.S. schools.)
Some centers have their own breeding programs, such as Guide Dogs;
others use local breeders. The trend does seem to be toward
proprietary breeding programs, although many of the stock, if not used
as guide dogs will also compete in the more usual kennel club events.
For example, CH Lobuff's Bare Necessities (black Labrador Retriever)
was bred by the Guide Dog Foundation for the blind and is producing
puppies for both the ring and the foundation.
Labs, Goldens and Shepherds are most popular as guides due to their
temperament, intelligence, versatility, size and availability. Dogs
trained as guide dogs must be intelligent, willing workers, large
enough to comfortably guide in harness and small enough to be easily
controlled and fit comfortably under restaurant tables and on buses
and other forms of public transit. The three common breeds used for
this work were selected because a large number of individuals of these
breeds met the requirements necessary for a good guide dog and these
breeds could most easily be matched with the widest range of blind
people and their needs in a guide. Additionally, these three breeds
are popular in the United States and obtaining them for training or
supplementing breeding stock has proved easier than obtaining less
common, but perhaps equally suitable breeds.
Families who raise the puppies simply train them in basic dog
obedience, and stress lots of socialization and good manners. For
example, if you go to a dog show, you are likely to see several such
puppies there, learning to take it all in stride. The dogs go back for
their formal training when they're about 1.5 years old, although they
can go back as young as 1 year old.
Children are usually preferred as puppy raisers, hence many coordinate
with 4-H programs. Interestingly enough, the puppies raised by kids
are more likely to make it through the formal guide dog training. The
difference is not drastic, but is "significant." Volunteer puppy
raisers are encouraged to expose their charges to as many new
experiences as possible, observing the pups' reactions and providing
positive reassurance and security for the puppies as they experience
crowds, cars, strange buildings, other animals and much more. They
also teach the dogs some of the basic obedience commands such as "sit"
and "down," but the dogs' instructors will insure that the dogs know
these and other obedience commands in addition to instructing them in
guide work, itself.
When dogs go back for their training they're carefully screened for
any hip abnormalities and other health problems. If the hips aren't
very good they're immediately "retired." The formal training takes
about 6 months.
Dogs can fail for a variety of reasons. As you might guess, some dogs
don't transition well from living in a puppy raiser's home to living
in the kennels and others just get stressed out and fail. The puppy
raiser gets the option of keeping a dog that failed. If the puppy
raiser can't keep the dog they can place it in a home. Waiting lists
for such dogs are usually several years long!
Before a guide dog is given to a blind person the blind person must
usually attend training at center. This training is several weeks long
and during this time the blind person will live on site. People coming
back to get a replacement dog usually take a "refresher" class.
A few smaller programs conduct "in home" training, in which an
instructor brings a trained dog to the student and trains the team in
their own home area. This is the most rapidly growing area of dog
guide training, with three new home training programs started since
1990. Most of these programs are small 1-2 trainer operations and do
not ever plan to serve as many people as the residential programs can.
All home training programs currently limit their service to their own
region of the country, serving only those applicants in their own and
neighboring states.
There are pros and cons to both types of training, and they serve
people with different needs and expectations. The majority of guide
dog handlers still choose to attend class at a residential training
facility to receive and train with their dogs.
There are, in addition to residential training schools and home
training programs, a few private trainers of dog guides and a few
blind people who train their own guides.
There are 15 established programs in the US which train dog guides for
the blind (as well as several in Canada and in other countries around
the world, of course.) Of these, Fidelco, Southeastern, two new
schools in New York state, (Upstate Guide Dog association and Freedom
Guide Dogs), and a very recently established program in Oregon
(Northwest Guiding Eyes) serve only people from their own "region."
The rest serve anyone from the United States or abroad.
References
Pfaffenberger, Clarence J. The new knowledge of dog behavior. Foreword
by J. P. Scott. Consultant on genetics: Benson E. Ginsburg. New York,
Howell Book House, 1963.
Gives an excellent history of how Guide Dogs was started, and has
other interesting information.
Pfaffenberger, Clarence J., et al., with the editorial assistance of
Sarah F. Scott. Guide Dogs for the Blind, Their Selection,
Development, and Training. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier Scientific
Pub. Co.; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier/North
Holland, 1976.
Many specific details on the genetics, training, 4-H project
coordination, and so forth. Includes a history of the organization.
Harrington, Paula. Looking ahead: Guide Dogs for the Blind. 1st ed.
San Rafael, CA: Guide Dogs for the Blind, c1990.
This one is sort of a "coffee table" book; lots of nice color
photographs, and it covers the history of Guide Dogs, the training
(both for the dog and the blind person), the 4-H puppy raisers, and
lots of other stuff.
Organizations
Guide Dogs for the Blind
http://www.guidedogs.com
Southwest Guide Dog Foundation, San Antonio TX
http://cust.iamerica.net/swoidgf/Index.HTM
Fidelco Guide Dog Foundation
P.O. Box 142, Bloomfield,CT 06002. 203-243-5200
Guide Dog Foundation
371 Jericho Turnpike, Smithtown, New York 11787. 516-265-2121
_________________________________________________________________
Hearing and Signal Dogs
Other dogs are trained to assist deaf people, with varying degrees of
impairment. They alert their owner to a variety of sounds, usually by
coming up to the person and going back to the source of the sound.
They will signal on door bell and knocking, phones, smoke alarms,
crying babies and much more. In the US, they enjoy the same rights of
access as guide dogs and are to be permitted anywhere, although since
they are not as widely recognized, their owners often have to display
an identification card even though this is not legally required (cf
the U.S. ADA legislation).
Organizations
CCI
See below
American Humane Association
5351 S. Roslyn Street, Englewood, Colorado 80111. 303-779-1400.
Audio Dogs
27 Crescent Street, Brooklyn, New York 11208. 212-827-2792.
Dogs for the Deaf
10175 Wheeler Road, Central Point, OR, 97502. 800-990-DOGS, fax
541-826-6696. Website: www.dogsforthedeaf.org, email
info@dogsforthedeaf.org. Verified Dec 2000.
Guide Dog Foundation
371 Jericho Turnpike, Smithtown, New York 11787. 516-265-2121.
International Hearing Dog, Inc.,
Martha Foss (current president and Director), ihdi@aol.com,
//members.aol.com/IHDI/IHDI.html. Verified Oct. '98.
NEADS (National Education for Assistance Dog Service)
See below
San Francisco SPCA, Hearing Dog Program
2500 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103. 415-554-3020.
Verified March '92.
Sound Companions
contact Connie Kniseley at cck9@naxs.com (serves the
mid-Atlantic states in the US). Verified July '96.
Handi-Dogs, Inc.
PO Box 12563, Tucson, Arizona 85732. 602-326-3412 or
602-325-6466.
The National Information Center on Deafness at Gallaudet University,
publishes a fact sheet on hearing ear dogs. It can be obtained by
sending $1.00 to NICD, Gallaudet University, 800 Flordia Ave., NE,
Washington, DC 20002. The fact sheet discusses commonly asked
questions about hearing ear dogs and it lists training programs across
the U.S.
_________________________________________________________________
Assistance Dogs
Here is a large and varied category of dogs who assist their owners in
ways other than the traditional guide dogs or hearing dogs do. These
dogs might help pick things up, open and close doors, pull
wheelchairs, and dozens of other physical assistance tasks.
Books
Assistance Dog Providers in the United States by Carla Stiverson &
Norm Pritchett.
Pflaumer, Sharon Seizure-alert dogs Dog World 77(l): 42-43, January
1992
The article says you can contact Reina Berner, The Epilepsy
Institute, 67 Irving Place, New York, NY 10003 where a program
of seizure -alerting dogs is being developed.
Organizations
Assistance Dogs International
See below
Canine Companions for Independence
See below
Canine Helpers for the Handicapped Inc
Beverly Underwood, 5705 Ridge Rd, Lockport, NY 14094.
(716)433-4035, voice/tty
Canine Working Companions, Inc
Pat McNamara, Director, RD 2 Box 170. Gorton Lake Road.
Waterville, NY 13480. (315)861-7770 voice/tdd
East Coast Assistance Dogs
West Granby CT; ECAD1@aol.com
Independence Dogs, Inc.
146 State Line Road, Chadds Ford, PA 19317. 610-358-2723 Phone;
610-358-5314 Fax; idi@ndepot.com
National Eduction for Assistance Dog Service (NEADS)
See below
_________________________________________________________________
Canine Companions for Independence
CCI was founded in 1975. They estimate that each of their dogs takes
about $20,000 to train, a cost covered by donations and volunteer
work. It is a national-wide organization with many regional chapters.
National Headquarters
P.O. Box 446, 2965 Dutton Avenue, Santa Rosa, CA 95402-0446.
707-577-1700 voice; 707-577-1756 TDD; email:
info@caninecompanions.org
SW Regional Center
PO Box 4568, Oceanside CA 92052. 760-754-3300 Voice;
760-754-3308 TDD
NC Regional Center
4989 State Route 37 East, Delaware, OH 43015-9682. 614-548-4447
V/TDD
NW Regional Center
1215 Sebastopol Road, Santa Rosa, CA 95407-6834. 707-579-1985
V/TDD
SE Regional Center
P.O. Box 547511, Orlando, FL 32854-7511. 407-834-2555 V/TDD
NE Regional Center
P.O. Box 205, Farmingdale, NY 11735-0205. 516-694-6938 V/TDD
This organization is involved in training dogs to assist handicapped
people. They train signal dogs for the deaf, and dogs for physically
disabled or developmentally disabled persons.
Canine Companions for Independence has provided highly skilled
assistance dogs for people with disabilities since 1975. CCI started
as a small, at-home organization and has grown into a dynamic
non-profit agency with five regional centers nationwide.
A Canine Companion's specialized training starts in a volunteer puppy
raiser's home between 7 and 8 weeks of age. The puppy raiser is
responsible for the young dog's care, socialization, and the teaching
of basic commands. At about one year of age, the dog is returned to a
CCI regional training center for six months of advanced training by a
professional CCI instructor. The dog is then ready for an intensive
two-to-three week training camp where its new owner learns to work
with a fully trained dog.
It costs more than US$20,000 to breed, raise, and train each Canine
Companion, yet recipients pay only a US$25 application fee and US$100
for training seminar supplies. The dog is provided completely free of
charge. CCI depends entirely on donations; it does not receive
government funds. CCI also relies heavily on the dedication of its
many volunteers, who play a vital role in CCI's mission to provide
exceptional dogs for exceptional people.
The breeds CCI uses for service and social dogs are black and yellow
Labs, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Lab/Golden Retriever
mix. CCI is moving away from using German Shepherds for two reasons:
first, a lot of the public view (and fear) German Shepherds as
"police" or "guard" dogs, and second, German Shepherds bond very
strongly to people and the program is difficult on them because first
they form a strong bond to their puppy raiser, then to their trainer
when they go back to CCI, and then to their eventual handicapped
owner. For signal dogs they use Corgis and Border Collies.
CCI will work with people in need of assistance to determine if a
properly trained dog can provide that assistance. Dogs can be taught
to retrieve a variety of things -- even to distinguish between
specific items -- and to manipulate a variety of objects. Monkeys have
been tried for this purpose, as they are more dexterous. However, they
are not as reliably trainable and are very expensive, so dogs present
a much more practical alternative. Given some extensions, such as rope
handles on doors and light switches, dogs can give a disabled person
complete mobility within her or his home.
CCI finds and trains a variety of dogs for different forms of
assistance: hearing dogs, physically disabled assistant dogs, even as
therapy dogs. They are all neutered, as with guide dogs. People who
are to receive one of the dogs are required to attend a two-week
seminar to learn how to communicate and care for their assistance. As
needed, the people and their dogs are provided with permits that
identify the dogs as licensed canine companions -- this is enough to
gain undisputed entry into most places, as with the more well-known
Seeing Eye dogs.
_________________________________________________________________
Assistance Dog International (ADI)
ADI is a non-profit organization which is an association of other
non-profit organizations which do training for hearing and mobility
assist dogs. They are working on a test for street certification for
the hearing and mobility assist dogs. The idea is to come up with a
test that can be the standard for the US rather than having each
state/county having different standards. They also have information on
many training organizations in the US. They check out reports of
problems with assist dog trainers (read rip off artists).
ADI addresses
President
Robin Dickson (503) 826-9220 Dogs for the Deaf, Inc (ALSO ACTIVE
IN) 10175 Wheeler Road Central Point, OR 97502
Secretary
Sheila O'Brian (978) 835-3304 p.o. box 213 West Boylston MA 01583
Newsletter for ADI
Micheal Roche (303) 234-9512 p.o. box 150217 Lakewood, CO 80215
Member programs:
TOP DOG TRAINING PROGRAM 5315 E. Broadway Blvd. Tucson, AZ 85711
(520) 747-4945 Members of ADI
_________________________________________________________________
Paws With A Cause (PAWS)
For more info, see
http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Sands/2075/paws.html.
_________________________________________________________________
National Education for Assistance Dog Services, Inc.
Thanks to Tom Rich: NEADS client & board member.
NEADS is a non-profit organization that trains hearing, service,
specialty, social and service dogs for the classroom.
A hearing dog responds to important sounds such as fire alarm or smoke
alarm, telephone ringing, door knock or bell, baby crying a person's
name being called or household appliances. The dog goes back and forth
to the sound until his deaf or hard of hearing human partner follows
him to the source of the sound.
A service dog retrieves and moves for a person who has a physical
disability or uses a wheelchair. The dog goes for help, picks up
things that drop, retrieves from high selves, turns on light switches,
pulls the wheelchair and carriers essentials.
A specialty dog does many of the same tasks for a person who has
multiple disabilities, such as deafness and physical disabilities, and
needs more specialized help. Services can be trained as needed.
A social dog works for children and adults who cannot assume total
responsibility for a working dog but can benefit from the therapeutic
value of a dog. They are trianed for residential settings such as
nursing homes, halfway houses and psychotherapy centers. They have the
advanced skills of a service dog but can be sometimes handled by a
third party. They are certified for public access.
A service dog for the classroom is an innovative teaching tool used by
social workers, therapists, early education and special needs teachers
working with children with physical, emotional and developmental
disabilities. The dogs help them teach basic concepts like "up,"
"under," "down." Children with histories of sexual or physical abuse
often need a catalyst to prompt disclosure. An assistance dog,
non-judgemental and unconditionally loving, provides the help
necessary to identify children in crisis.
NEADS uses facility-based education, a concept of impressive success.
This developes a strong working relationship between client ad dog
while training together for two weeks, learning to work as a team
under the expert supervision of staff. When they leave clients are
then fully responsible for the handling, care and health of their with
continued NEADS outreach support.
NEADS has trained close to 600 dogs for the above mentioned work. This
year is NEADS 20th year of providing assistance dog services. NOTE:
that 75% of the dogs trained by NEADS are pound/shelter rescues.
For more information : Call (978) 422-9064 Voice/TDD 9:00 - 4:00 EST
or FAX (978) 422-3255. Monday thru Friday office hours. Or write:
NEADS, P.O. Box 213, West Boylston, MA. 01583. Or email:
NEADSDogs@aol.com. (Verified Feb '97.)
_________________________________________________________________
Therapy Dogs
Dogs are quite often used in therapy. Typically this involves visiting
hospitals, care facilities, nursing homes, etc. to cheer up patients.
There are a variety of groups that train therapy dogs, some local and
some national. Some use the AKC Canine Good Citizen test to choose
suitable dogs, others have devised their own Temperament Tests. You
should note that therapy dogs ARE NOT considered BY LAW in the United
States to have the same status as SERVICE DOGS. Service dogs directly
assist their handicapped owners with daily tasks in some fashion;
therapy dogs are handled by their owners to assist others at specific
times, such as visits to a facility. Thus laws mandating access for
service dogs, who must accompany their owners do not apply to dogs who
need not be with their owners at all times but rather work at specific
locations.
Resources
A national organization that dispenses information about therapy dogs
is the Delta Society, 289 Perimeter Rd. East, Renton WA 98055-1329,
vox: 206-226-7357, tty: 800-809-2714; or via email:
deltasociety@cis.compuserve.com. They put out a magazine called
Interactions as well.
Another well-regarded organization is Therapy Dogs International (TDI)
and they may be reached at tdi@gti.net.
In addition many local humane societies, breed clubs, and obedience
clubs do some hospital visitation.
Books
*. Therapy Dog.
Therapy dog training. A good psychology book with gentle training
methods.
Harrington, Paula. Looking ahead: Guide Dogs for the Blind. 1st ed.
San Rafael, CA: Guide Dogs for the Blind, c1990.
This one is sort of a "coffee table" book; lots of nice color
photographs, and it covers the history of Guide Dogs, the training
(both for the dog and the blind person), the 4-H puppy raisers, and
lots of other stuff.
Pfaffenberger, Clarence J., et al., with the editorial assistance of
Sarah F. Scott. Guide Dogs for the Blind, Their Selection,
Development, and Training. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier Scientific
Pub. Co.; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier/North
Holland, 1976.
Many specific details on the genetics, training, 4-H project
coordination, and so forth.
Therapy Dogs- Training Your Dog to Reach Others, by Kathy Diamond
Davis.
"Social acknowledgements for children with disabilities: effects of
service dogs." Bonnie Mader, et. al. Child Development 60:6 p1529-34.
"The Animal Preference Test and its relationship to behavioral
problems in young children." E.B. Rojas, et.al. Journal of Personality
Assessment 57:1, p141-8. Mefford, Eleanor M Bringing Up Baby Dog World
77(2): 36-38,39 Feb, 1992
(article is about raising dogs to be used with young children
suffering from socialization problems and language abilities
problems)
Ashby, Ann Gritt Healing war's wounds Dog World 77(7): 40-43, July
1992
(article is about using animals as therapy for mentally ill
veterans)
Organizations
Delta Society
289 Perimeter Rd. East, Renton, WA 98055-1329
Delta Society Pet Partners Programs
289 Perimeter Rd. East, Renton, WA 98055-1329. (206) 226-7357
(voice); (800) 809-2714 (TDD); (206) 235-1076 (fax);
deltasociety@cis.compuserve.com
Therapy Dogs Inc.
Ann Butrick, 2416 E. Fox Farm Rd., Cheyenne, WY 82007. Phone
(307) 638-3222
Therapy Dogs International
Ursula Kempe Administrator 88 Bartley Rd. Flanders NJ 07836.
Phone 973-252-9800, fax 973-252-7171. Email tdi@gti.net, web
page http://www.tdi-dog.org/
Therapy Pet Pals of Texas
Kathryn Lashmit, 807 Brazos St. Suite 312, Austin, TX 78701
Pet Assisted Therapy Facilitation Certificate Program
Pearl Salotto, State University of New York. Phone (401)
463-5809
Francie Glatt, 1504 N. Wells, Chicago, IL 60610. Phone
312-280-0266; chtrp@aol.com
Love on a Leash
Liz Palika, 3809 Plaza Dr., #107-309 Oceanside, CA 92056. Phone
(619) 630-4824
PAWS - Pets are Wonderful Support
P.O. Box 460489, San Francisco, CA 94146-0489. Phone (415)
824-4040
Pets and People Foundation
Sally Jean Alexander, Volunteer Coordinator, 11 Apple Crest
Road, Weston, MA 02193
The Human & Animal Bonding Association of Canada (HABAC)
1111 Finch Ave. West, Suite 453, Downsview, On M3J 2E5 CANADA.
Tel (fax) 416-441-3212.
St. John Ambulance Therapy Dogs
Doreen Newell, Provincial Co-ordinator, 1199 Deyell 3rd Line,
Millbrook, On. L0A 1G0 CANADA. Tel (fax) 705-932-3626
International Association of Assistance Dog Partners (IAADP)
IAADP@aol.com. If you know someone with an Assistance dog, tell
them to send a 9 x 12 envelope, self addressed, w/2 postage
stamps to: IAADP * P.O. Box 1326 * Sterling Hts., MI 48311.
They will receive a free copy of the IAADP quarterly
newsletter, plus information about the Assistance Dog
Protection program.
Cen/SHARE (Center for the Study of Human-Animal Relationships and
their Environments)
Research and education, including studies of service dogs and
their owners. The mailing address is 80 Ford Hall, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.
_________________________________________________________________
Service Dogs FAQ
Cindy Tittle Moore,
cindy@k9web.com
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