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[13] Newsgroups
alt.usage.english English grammar, word usages, and related
topics.
comp.ai.nat-lang Natural language processing by computers.
comp.ai.nlang-know-rep Natural Language and Knowledge Representation.
(Moderated)
comp.speech Research & applications in speech science &
technology.
sci.lang Natural languages, communication, etc.
alt.etext Electronic texts.
comp.text.sgml ISO 8879 SGML structured documents markup
languages
comp.theory.info-retrieval Information Retrieval topics. (Moderated)
comp.ai.doc-analysis.misc General document understanding technologies
comp.internet.library Discussing electronic libraries. (Moderated)
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[14] Professional Organizations, Associations
ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS (ACL)
Membership in the Association for Computational Linguistics is for the
calendar year, regardless of when dues are paid. Membership includes a
full year of the ACL journal, Computational Linguistics, reduced
registration at most ACL-sponsored conferences, and discounts on
ACL-sponsored publications. Payments for membership dues, fund
donations, back issues, and proceedings may be made in Europe or the
USA.
URL: http://www.aclweb.org
(The rest of this section is not up to date - should be fixed for next
release):
ASSOCIATION FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION IN THE AMERICAS (AMTA)
655 Fifteenth Street, NW, Suite 310, Washington, DC 20005
Membership: $40 Associate members, $65 active members, Institutional $200,
Corporate $400. Members receive the MT News International and the
MT Yellow Pages.
SIGNLL is the ACL Special Interest Group on Natural Language Learning
(language acquisition and related topics). To join, send mail to
walter.daelemans@kub.nl or use the forms on the SIGNLL home page. For
more information, see the SIGNLL home page at the URL
http://www.cs.rulimburg.nl/~antal/signll/signll-home.html
COGNITIVE SCIENCE SOCIETY
Membership: $50 individuals, $25 student. Add $15 overseas postage.
Members receive a copy of the journal Cognitive Science without
additional charge. Write to Alan Lesgold, Secretary/Treasurer,
Cognitive Science Society, LRDC, University of Pittsburgh, 3939
O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, fax 1-412-624-9149, email
al+@pitt.edu.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AAAI)
AAAI, 445 Burgess Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025.
phone 415-328-3123, fax 415-328-4457, info@aaai.org, membership@aaai.org,
Membership includes AI Magazine, and the AI Directory:
$50 regular, $20 student, $75 institution/library (US/Canadian)
$75 regular, $45 student, $100 institution/library (Foreign)
AAAI has several special interest groups (SIGs) on medicine,
manufacturing, business, and law. (Add $10/year for each subgroup.)
Life memberships $700 (US/Canadian), $1000 (Foreign)
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[15] Upcoming Conferences
2002
Coling 2002 will be in Taipei, Taiwan.
The site for ACL 2002 will be announced in 2001. It is
supposed to be held in North America.
2001
Second meeting of the NAACL (NAACL'01), Pittsburgh, PA
(June 2-7, 2001)
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ref/naacl2001.html
39th Annual Meeting of the ACL (ACL'01) - joint with
EACL'01, Toulouse, France (July 6-11, 2001)
http://www.irit.fr/ACTIVITES/EQ_ILPL/aclWeb/acl2001.html
For an updated list, check:
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~radev/newacl/conferences.html
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[16] Evaluation Competitions
TREC - Text Retrieval Conference
Information retrieval using NLP/statistical techniques.
http://trec.nist.gov
NIST Spoken Language Technology Evaluations
http://www.nist.gov/speech/test.htm
DUC - Document Understanding Competition
http://www-nlpir.nist.gov/projects/duc/main.html
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[17] How to join a mailing list
A: Most often, you have to send mail to the listserver at the site where
the mailing list resides, and put "subscribe in the
body of the mail message. The underlined text is what you have to type in.
Example:
Mail listserv@tamvm1.tamu.edu
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Subject: some text here
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
subscribe LINGUIST Dragomir R. Radev
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.
^
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[18] How to obtain files by anonymous ftp
A: There are many ways. The most common way, however, is using a local ftp
client.
Suppose you want to get the file /pub/editors/webster.tar.Z
from ftp.uu.net
Here is a sample session. You type in whatever is underlined here.
$ftp ftp.uu.net
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Connected to ftp.uu.net.
220 ftp.UU.NET FTP server Thu Apr 14 15:45:10 EDT 1994) ready.
Name (ftp.uu.net:radev): anonymous
^^^^^^^^^
331 Password required for anonymous.
Password: radev@cs.columbia.edu
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ (put your email address here)
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
ftp> cd pub/editors
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
ftp> binary
^^^^^^
ftp> get webster.tar.Z
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for webster.tar.Z (148579 bytes).
226 Transfer complete.
local: webster.tar.Z remote: webster.tar.Z
148579 bytes received in 2.2 seconds (67 Kbytes/s)
ftp> quit
^^^^
$
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[19] FTP repositories
(This section is out of date).
19.1. Consortium for Lexical Research (CRL)
The Consortium for Lexical Research is designed to serve as a
repository for software and resources of importance to the natural
language processing research community. Sharable resources, and the
task of centralizing lexical data and tools, are of foremost
concern in lexical research and computational linguistics It
is our objective to help alleviate the repeated recreation of
basic software tools, and to assist in making essential data
sources more generally available.
CLR maintains a public ftp site, and a separate library of
materials only for members of CLR. Currently CLR has about 60
members, mostly academic institutions, and almost every major
natural language processing center in the U.S. belongs. Access to
the members-only materials is strictly regulated by password and
userid.
Our catalog of current holdings is available by using anonymous
ftp to clr.nmsu.edu
19.2. Oxford Text Archive (OTA)
ftp ota.ox.ac.uk
ota/textarchive.list the current catalogue
There are two classes of texts available from this FTP server:
(a) texts which are in TEI format and which we can make freely
available (these all appear as category P texts in the shortlist)
(b) texts which are available only under our standard conditions of
use, (these all appear as category U or A in the shortlist)
19.3. University of Michigan Linguistics Archive (UMICH)
ftp linguistics.archive.umich.edu
/linguistics
moderator: John Lawler (jlawler@umich.edu)
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[20] What are some important books in NLP
Textbooks:
Allen, James F., "Natural Language Understanding", The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, California,
(Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts).
Manning, C. and Schuetze, H. Foundations of Statistical Natural
Language Processing. Hardcover - 680 pages (July 1999)
MIT Press; ISBN: 0262133601
http://www.sultry.arts.usyd.edu.au/fsnlp/promo/
Jurafsky, D. and Martin, J. Speech and Language Processing.
http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~martin/slp.html
Gazdar, G. and Mellish, C., "Natural Language Processing in Lisp:
An Introduction to Computational Linguistics", Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts, 1989. (There are three different editions
of the book, one for Lisp, one for Prolog, and one for Pop-11.)
Michael A. Covington, "Natural Language Processing for Prolog
Programmers", Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994. ISBN
0-13-629213-5.
General:
Rustin, Randall (ed.) "Natural Language Processing", Algorithmics Press,
New York, NY, 1973.
Schank, Roger C., and Colby, Kenneth M. (eds.) "Computer Models of Thought
and Language", W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1973, 454 pp.
Charniak, Eugene and Wilks, Yorick A. (eds.) "Computational Semantics",
North-Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1976, 294 pp.
Metzing, Dieter (ed.) "Frame Conceptions and Text Understanding",
De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 1980, 167 pp.
Tennant, Harry R., "Natural Language Processing", Petrocelli Books, New
York, NY, 1981.
Lehnert, Wendy G., and Ringle, Martin H. (eds.) "Strategies for Natural
Language Processing", Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1982,
533 pp.
King, Margaret (ed.) "Parsing Natural Language", Academic Press,
London, England, 1983, 308 pp.
Grosz, Barbara J., Sparck-Jones, Karen, and Webber, Bonnie L., eds.
"Readings in Natural Language Processing", Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, Los Altos, CA, 1986, 664 pages. ISBN 0-934613-11-7, $44.95.
Robert C. Berwick, "Computational Linguistics", MIT Press,
Cambridge, MA, 1989, ISBN 0262-02266-4.
Brady, Michael, and Berwick, Robert C., eds. "Computational Models
of Discourse", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983.
Ralph Grishman, "Computational Linguistics: An Introduction",
Cambridge University Press, New York, 1986, 193 pages.
Terry Winograd, "Language as a Cognitive Process", Addison-Wesley,
Reading, MA, 1983.
Schank, R. and Abelson, R. "Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding,"
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1977.
Terminology:
David Crystal, "A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics", 3rd Edition,
Basil Blackwell Publishers, New York, 1991.
Parsing:
Tomita, M. (Editor), "Current Issues in Parsing Technology",
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1991.
Marcus, M. "A Theory of Syntactic Recognition for Natural Language,"
The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1980.
Pereira, F. and Sheiber, S. "Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis,"
Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1987.
Probabilistic Parsing:
Ted Briscoe and John Carroll, "Generalised Probabilistic LR Parsing of
Natural Language (Corpora) with Unification-based Grammars",
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, Technical Report Number
224, 1991.
Zhi Biao Wu, Loke Soo Hsu, and Chew Lim Tan, "A Survey of Statistical
Approaches to Natural Language Processing", Technical report TRA4/92,
Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, National
University of Singapore, 1992
Natural Language Understanding:
Dyer, M. "In-Depth Understanding: A Computer Model of Integrated
Processing for Narrative Comprehension," MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983.
Aravind Joshi, Bonnie Webber and Ivan Sag, eds. "Elements of Discourse
Understanding", Cambridge University Press, New York, 1981.
Cohen, P. R., Morgan, J. and Pollack, M., editors, "Intentions in
Communication", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990.
Natural Language Interfaces:
Raymond C. Perrault and Barbara J. Grosz, "Natural Language
Interfaces", Annual Review of Computer Science, volume 1, J.F. Traub,
editor, pages 435-452, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1986.
Natural Language Generation:
McKeown, Kathleen R. and Swartout, William R., "Language
Generation and Explanation", in Zock, M. and Sabah, G.,
editors, Advances in Natural Language Generation, Volume 1, Pages
1-51, Ablex Publishing Company, Norwood, NJ, 1988. (Overview of
the state of the art in natural language generation.)
Mann, W. & S. Thompson. Rhetorical Structure Theory: a theory of
text organization.
Speech:
Ronnie W. Smith and D. Richard Hipp, "Spoken Natural Language
Dialog Systems: A Practical Approach", Oxford University Press,
ISBN #0-19-509187-6
John Allen, Sharon Hunnicut and Dennis H. Klatt, "From Text to Speech:
The MITalk System", Cambridge University Press, 1987. [Synthesis,
precursor of DECtalk.]
Frank Fallside and William A. Woods (editors), "Computer Speech Processing"
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1985.
X. D. Huang, Y. Ariki and M. A. Jack, "Hidden Markov Models for Speech
Recognition", Edinburgh University Press, 1990. [Analysis]
A. Nejat Ince (editor), "Digital Speech Processing: Speech Coding,
Synthesis, and Recognition", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston,
1992. [Analysis and Synthesis]
Kai-Fu Lee, "Automatic Speech Recognition: The Development of the
SPHINX System", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 1989. [Analysis]
Douglas O'Shaughnessy, "Speech Communication: Human and Machine"
Addison-Wesley, MA, 1987. [Analysis and Synthesis]
Lawrence R. Rabiner and Ronald W. Schafer, "Digital Processing of
Speech Signals", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978.
[Analysis and Synthesis]
Lawrence R. Rabiner and Biing-Hwang Juang, "Fundamentals of Speech
Recognition", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993.
ISBN 0-13-015157-2. [Analysis]
Ronald W. Schafer and John D. Markel (editors), "Speech Analysis",
IEEE Press, New York, 1979. [Analysis]
Alex Waibel and Kai-Fu Lee (editors), "Readings in Speech Recognition"
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1990, 680 pages.
ISBN 1-55860-124-4, $49.95. [Analysis]
Alex Waibel, "Prosody and Speech Recognition", Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1988. [Analysis]
Machine Translation:
W. John Hutchins and Harold L. Somers, "An Introduction to Machine
Translation", Academic Press, San Diego, 1992. 362 pages, ISBN
0-123-62830-X.
Bonnie J. Dorr, "Machine Translation: A View from the Lexicon" MIT
Press, Cambridge, MA 1993. 432 pages, ISBN 0-262-04138-3.
Kenneth Goodman and Sergei Nirenburg., editors, "The KBMT Project: A
Case Study in Knowledge-Based Machine Translation", Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1991. 331 pages, ISBN 1-558-60129-5, $34.95.
Arnold, D.J.; Balkan, L.; Lee Humphreys, R.; Meijer, S.; and Sadler, L.
(1994). Machine Translation: An Introductory Guide. NCC Blackwell.
The journal "Machine Translation" is the principle forum for
current research.
A review of MT systems on the market appeared in BYTE 18(1), January 1993.
Reversible Grammars:
Tomek Strzalkowski, editor, "Reversible Grammar in Natural Language
Processing", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.
Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Reversible Grammar in Natural
Language Processing, UC Berkeley, 1991. (See especially Remi
Zajac's paper.)
Statistical Processing:
Eugene Charniak, "Statistical Language Learning", MIT Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1993, 170 pages.
Categorial Grammar (CG):
M. Moortgat, "Categorial Investigations. Logical and Linguistic
Aspects of the Lambek Calculus", Groningen-Amsterdam Studies in
Semantics:9, Foris, Dordrecht, Holland, 1988.
Richard T. Oehrle, Emmon Bach and Deirdre Wheeler, "Categorial
Grammars and Natural Language Structures", Studies in Linguistics
and Philosophy:32, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1988.
Mary McGee Wood, "Categorial Grammars", Linguistic Theory Guides,
Routledge, London, 1993.
Dependency Grammar:
Igor' Aleksandrovich Mel'cuk, "Dependency syntax : theory and
practice", State University Press of New York, 1987.
Functional Grammar (aka Systemic Grammar):
Michael A. K. Halliday, "An Introduction to Functional Grammar",
Edward Arnold, London, 1985.
Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG):
Gerald Gazdar, Ewan Klein, Geoffrey Pullum and Ivan Sag,
"Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar", Oxford:Blackwell, 1985.
Government and Binding (GB):
Noam Chomsky, Lectures on government and binding, Foris Publications
1981.
Vivian J. Cook, "Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction", Basil
Blackwell Publisher, New York, 1988, 201 pages.
Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, "An Introduction to Language",
Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 4th edition, 1988, 474 pages.
Liliane M.V. Haegeman, "Introduction to Government and Binding
Theory", Basil Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1991, 618 pages.
Geoffrey C. Horrocks, "Generative Grammar", Longman, London, 1987,
339 pages.
Andrew Radford, "Transformational Grammar: A First Course",
Cambridge University Press, New York, 1988, 625 pages.
Stabler, E.P. (1992). The Logical Approach to Syntax. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1992.
Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG):
Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag, "Information-based Syntax and Semantics",
Stanford:CSLI, University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Pollard, Carl and Ivan A. Sag. 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure
Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Stanford: CSLI
Publications.
Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG):
Joan Bresnan (ed.), "The Mental Representation of Grammatical
Relations", Cambridge:MA, MIT Press, 1982.
Dalrymple, Kaplan, Maxwell & Zaenen, eds. (1995) `Formal Issues in
Lexical-Functional Grammar', CSLI Publications, Stanford CA
(distributed by Cambridge University Press)
Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG):
A. Joshi, L. Levy and M. Takahasihi, "Tree Adjunct Grammars"
In: Journal of Computer and System Sciences 10:136-63, 1975.
A. Joshi, "An Introduction to Tree Adjoining Grammars"
In: Alexis Manaster-Ramer (ed.), "The Mathematics of Language",
Benjamins, Philadelphia, 1987.
Cognitive Grammar:
Ronald W. Langacker, "Foundations of cognitive grammar" Stanford
University Press, 1987.
Programming for NLP:
Pereira, Fernando C.N. and Shieber, Stuart "Prolog and Natural-Language
Analysis," Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford, CA
1987, 264 pp.
Gazdar, Gerald and Mellish, Christopher S., "Natural Language Processing in
Lisp: An Introduction to Computational Linguistics", Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts, 1989. (There are three different editions
of the book, one for Lisp, one for Prolog, and one for Pop-11.)
Michael A. Covington, "Natural Language Processing for Prolog
Programmers", Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994. ISBN
0-13-629213-5.
Peter Norvig. Paradigms of AI Programming
Bibliographies:
Gazdar, Gerald, Alex Franz, Karen Osborne, and Roger Evans (1987).
"Natural Language Processing in the 1980s: A Bibliography", Center for
the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) lecture notes no. 12, CSLI,
Stanford, CA, 240 pp.
Computational Morphology
Richard Sproat, Morphology and Computation, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992.
Graeme D. Ritchie, Graham J. Russell, Allan W. Black, Stephen G. Pulman,
Computational Morphology, MIT Press, Cambridge/London, 1992.
Miscellaneous:
Austin, J.L. How to do things with words.
Searle, J. Speech acts.
Levinson, S. Pragmatics.
Ross, Don, and Dan Brink (eds.) (1994) "Research in Humanities Computing 3:
Selected Papers from the ALLC/ACH Conference, Tempe, Arizona, March 1991,"
Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
Gazdar, Gerald, Franz, Alex, Osborne, Karen, and Evans, Roger,
"Natural Language Processing in the 1980s: A Bibliography",
Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) lecture notes
no. 12, CSLI, Stanford, CA, 1987, 240 pp.
_The Mulltilingual PC Directory_. By Ian Tresman. 254pp.
Stamford CT: Knowledge Computing Ltd.
Stefan Wermter, Hybrid connectionist natural language processing
Chapman & Hall Inc, 1995.
Connectionist approaches to natural language processing.
Edited by Ronan G. Reilly and Noel E. Sharky.
Earlsdale, 1992 ISBN 0-86377-179-3
_Natural Language Processing_. Ed. Fernando C.N. Pereira and
Barbara J. Grosz. A Bradford Book. Cambridge, MA, and London:
The MIT Press, 1994. Rptd from _Artificial Intelligence: An
International Journal_, Volume 63, Numbers 1-2 (1993).
_Research in Humanities Computing 1: Selected Papers
from the ALLC/ACH Conference, Toronto, June 1989_.
Ed. Ian Lancashire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
Peter D. Smith, _An Introduction to Text Processing_.
Cambridge MA and London: The MIT Press, 1990.
ISBN 0-262-19299-3.
Computer processing of natural language
Author Gilbert K Krulee
published Prentice Hall
ISBN 0-13-610299-3
Sadock, J. Toward a linguistic theory of speech acts.
Vanderveken, D. & J. Searle. Meaning and speech acts. (2 vols.)
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[21] Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence
A GUIDE TO COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS ARTICLES IN
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 2nd Edition
Stuart C. Shapiro (editor) (John Wiley & Sons, 1992)
compiled by:
William J. Rapaport
Department of Computer Science
and Center for Cognitive Science
State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, NY 14260
rapaport@cs.buffalo.edu
AUTHOR TITLE PAGES
Volume 1:
Bookman, L. A.,
& Alterman, R. Analog Semantic Features 27-28
Alvarado, S. J. Argument Comprehension 30-52
Kucera, H. Brown Corpus 128-130
Srihari, S. N.,
& Hull, J. J. Character Recognition 138-150
Ballard, B.,
& Jones, M. Computational Linguistics 203-224
Hardt, S. L. Conceptual Dependency 259-265
Hindle, D. Deep Structure 328-330
Ingria, R.;
Boguraev, B.;
& Pustejovsky,J. Dictionary/Lexicon 341-365
Scha, R.;
Bruce, B. C.;
& Polanyi,L. Discourse Understanding 365-379
Tennant, H. Ellipsis 445-446
Novak, V. Fuzzy Logic: Applications to Natural Language 515-521
Woods, W. A. Grammar, Augmented Transition Network 552-563
Bruce, B.,
& Moser, M. G. Grammar, Case 563-570
Gazdar, G. Grammar, Generalized Phrase Structure 570-573
Joshi, A. K. Grammar, Phrase Structure 573-580
Burton, R. Grammar, Semantic 580-583
Bateman, J. A. Grammar, Systemic 583-592
Mallery, J. C.;
Hurwitz, R.;
& Duffy,G. Hermeneutics 596-611
Hill, J. C. Language Acquisition 761-772
Fass, D.,
& Pustejovsky, J. Lexical Decomposition 806-812
Pustejovsky, J. Lexical Semantics 812-819
Volume 2:
Nagao, M. Machine Translation 898-902
Klavans, J. L.,
& Tzoukermann, E. Morphology 963-972
McDonald, D. D. Natural-Language Generation 983-997
Carbonell, J. G.,
& Hayes, P. J. Natural-Language Understanding 997-1016
Petrick, S. Parsing 1099-1109
Small, S. L. Parsing, Word-Expert 1109-1116
Wilks, Y.,
& Fass, D. Preference Semantics 1183-1194
Cruse, D. A. Presupposition 1194-1201
Dyer, M. G.;
Cullingford, R. E.;
& Alvarado, S. J. Scripts 1443-1460
Sowa, J. F. Semantic Networks 1493-1511
Devlin, K. J. Situation Theory and Situation Semantics 1541-1547
Briscoe, E. J. Speech Recognition 1553-1559
Norvig, P. Story Analysis 1568-1576
Alterman, R. Text Summarization 1579-1587
Sparck Jones, K. Thesaurus 1605-1613
Knight, K. Unification 1630-1636
Additional articles from the 1st edition (1987):
Coelho, H. Grammar, Definite Clause 339-342
Berwick, R. Grammar, Transformational 353-361
Newmeyer, F. J. Linguistics, Competence and Performance 503-508
Wilks, Y. Machine Translation 564-571
Tennant, H. Menu-Based Natural Language 594-597
Koskenniemi, K. Morphology 619-620
Bates, M. Natural-Language Interfaces 655-660
Riesbeck, C. K. Parsing, Expectation-Driven 696-701
Keyser, S. J. Phonemes 744-746
Webber, B. Question Answering 814-822
Smith, B. C. Self-Reference 1005-1010
Hirst, G. Semantics 1024-1029
Woods, W. Semantics, Procedural 1029-1031
Allen, J. F. Speech Acts 1062-1065
Allen, J. Speech Recognition 1065-1070
Allen, J. Speech Synthesis 1070-1076
Briscoe, E. J. Speech Understanding 1076-1083
Lehnert, W. G. Story Analysis 1090-1099
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[22] Machine Translation
Globalink, Inc
9302 Lee Highway
Fairfax, VA, 22031, USA
Tel: +1 703 273 5600
Fax: +1 703 273 3866
Archers Translation Services
203-205 Desborough Road
High Wycombe, Bucks., HP11 2QL, UK
Tel: +44 494 537755
Fax: +44 494 474001
Gesellschaft f|r multilinguale Systeme (GMS)
Balanstr. 57
81541 Munich, Germany
http://www.gmsmuc.de
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[23] What are the major accomplishments of the field (only up to 1987)
Note: This section is in a very preliminary stage.
Overall:
Chomsky (1957) Syntactic Structures
Weizenbaum (1966), ELIZA
Woods (1967), Procedural semantics
Thorne et al. and Woods (1968-70), ATNs
Winograd (1970), Shrdlu
Colby, Weber & Hilf, 1971; Colby, 1975, PARRY
Wilks (1972), Preference semantics
Woods et al. (1972), LSNLIS / Lunar
Charniak (1972), Frames and demons
Wilks (1973), Stanford machine translation project
Montague (1973) IL semantics (Montague Grammar) in PTQ
Grosz (1977), Focus in task-oriented dialogues
Marcus (1977), Deterministic parsing
Davey (1978)
Cohen, Phil (1979), Planning speech acts
Allen (1980), Understanding speech acts
McDonald (1980), MUMBLE
Heim/Kamp (1981) Discourse Representation Theory
McKeown (1982), TEXT
Appelt (1982), KAMP (Integration of Functional Grammar with Discourse Plans)
Shieber (1984) Noncontextfreeness of NL syntax proven
[note from Lillian Lee:
Culy probably deserves co-credit w/Shieber for the non-CFness of
NLs (see Pullum, "Footloose and Context-Free"). Although Pullum
says there was an even earlier argument given in Dutch (don't have
the article, but it's Pullum's "Nobody goes around at LSA meetings
offering odds").]
Pollack (1986), Plan inference
Mann & Thompson (1987), Rhetorical Structure Theory
Conceptual Dependency:
Schank (1969), Conceptual Dependency
Schank, Riesbeck, Rieger, Goldman (1975), MARGIE
Cullingford (1979), SAM
Wilensky (1979), PAM
DeJong (1980), FRUMP
Lebowitz (1980), IPP
Dyer (1982), BORIS
Lytinen (1986), MOPTRANS
Hovy (1986), PAULINE
Ram (1989), AQUA
Dehn (1989), AUTHOR/STARSHIP
Martin (1986) Direct Memory Access Parsing (DMAP)
Fitzgerald (1995) Indexed Concept Parsing
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[24] Publishers
24.1. MIT Press
http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/
24.2. Elsevier
http://www.elsevier.nl/
24.3. Kluwer
http://www.wkap.nl
24.4. Addison Wesley
http://www.aw.com/
24.5. Cambridge University Press
http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk/
24.6. CSLI, Stanford
http://www-csli.stanford.edu/publications/
24.7. Springer Verlag
http://www.springer.de/
24.8. University of Chicago Press
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/
24.9. Academic Press
http://www.apnet.com/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[25] Credits
Large parts of the answers to Q. 10, 11, 14, and 20 come from Mark
Kantrowitz's comp.ai FAQ. Q.2 is due to Hans Uszkoreit, Q.21 comes from
William Rapaport and Stuart Shapiro. Jan Daciuk compiled most of Q. 24.
Partial list of contributors (in alphabetical order):
Avery Andrews andaling@pretty.anu.edu.au
Paul Buitelaar paulb@zag.cs.brandeis.edu
Charles Brendan Callaway theorist@cs.utexas.edu
Russell Collingham R.J.Collingham@durham.ac.uk
Jan Daciuk jandac@pg.gda.pl
Robert Dale rdale@microsoft.com
Mary Dalrymple dalrymple@parc.xerox.com
Barbara di Eugenio dieugeni@linc.cis.upenn.edu
Dan Fass fass@cs.sfu.ca
John Fry fry@Prosit.Stanford.EDU
Joshua Goodman goodman@das.harvard.edu
Malcolm Grandis Malcolm@celtic.demon.co.uk
Graeme Hirst gh@cs.toronto.ca
Eduard Hovy hovy@isi.edu
Mark Kantrowitz mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu
Stefan Langer slanger@mic.dundee.ac.uk
Alberto Lavelli lavelli@irst.it
Lillian Lee llee@CS.Cornell.EDU
John McNaught jock@ccl.umist.ac.uk
David Pautler david-pautler@usa.net
Fred Popowich popowich@cs.sfu.ca
Ashwin Ram ashwin@cc.gatech.edu
Daniel Radzinski dr@tovna.co.il
William J. Rapaport rapaport@cs.buffalo.edu
David Reitter dr1@gmx.de
JRice jrice@texterity.com
Hinrich Schuetze schuetze@Sante.Stanford.EDU
Stuart Shapiro shapiro@cs.buffalo.edu
Jakob Sommer jakob@isp.his.se
Kevin Thomas kevint@cdplus.com
R. M. Thomas rmthomas@sciolus.cistron.nl
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