Section 2 of 2 - Prev - Next

    <          Less than (the Pac Man always eats the larger value :-)
    <<         Much smaller than
    >=         Greater than or equal {programming convention}
    <=         Less than or equal {programming convention}
    +/-        Plus or minus (note the special use of the slash)
    ||         Parallel
    !          Factorial
    @          At (as in "500g of lettuce @ $0.45/kilogram")
    * or x     Multiplication

    A          Adenine; Adenosine; absorbance (extinction) {Merck}; The
               conjugate acid of an acid-base pair
    Ac         Acetyl; Acetic {Merck}
    AcOAc      Anhydrous Acetic Acid
    AcOH       Acetic Acid {Merck}
    AcOEt      Ethyl Acetate {Merck}
    Acetyl CoA Acetyl coenzyme A
    AcylSCoA   Acyl coenzyme A
    ACS        American Chemical Society {Merck}
    ADP        Adenosine diphosphate
    AIFST      Australian Institute of Food Science & Technology
    alc        Alcohol(ic); Ethanol; Ethyl Alcohol {Merck}
    alk        Alkali(ne)
    AMP        Adenosine Monophosphate
    amt(s)     Amount(s) {Merck}
    aq         aqueous
    ATCC       American Type Culture Collection
    atm        atmospheres; atmoshperic
    ATP        Adenosine triphosphate
    ATPase     Adenosine triphosphatase
    AW         Atomic weight
    Aw         Water activity

    B          Asparagine or aspartic acid {Stryer}; The conjugate base of an
               acid-base pair
    BBSRC      Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK)
    bp         Base pair; boiling point; boils; boils at; boiling
               at  {Merck}
    BP         British Pharmacopeia {Merck}
    BPC        British Pharmaceutical Codex {Merck}
    BOD        Biochemical oxygen demand {Merck}
    BSA        Bovine Serum Albumin
    BSE        Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
    Btu        British thermal units
    Bu         Butyl

    cal        Calorie(s)
    calc       Calculate(d) {Merck}
    cAMP       Cyclic AMP
    cc         Cubic centimeter (milliliter)
    CDP        Cytidine 5'-diphosphate
    cf         Compare (confer) {Merck}
    cGMP       Cyclic GMP
    CHO        Carbohydrate
    CI         Color Index (British) {Merck}
    Ci         Curie {Merck}
    CIFST      Canadian Institute of Food Science & Technology
    CMC        Carboxymethylcellulose {cf Merck: CM-cellulose}
    CMP        Cytidine 5'-monophosphate
    CNS        Central Nervous system
    CoA/CoASH  Coenzyme A
    Conc       Concentrated; Concentration {cf Merck: concn}
    Cp         Heat capacity, constant pressure
    CP         Chemically pure {Merck}
    cpd        Compound; critical-point drying
    CTP        Cytidine 5'-triphosphate
    Cv         Heat capacity, constant volume

    d          Density {Merck}
    d-         dextrorotatory {Merck}
    D12        12th Decimal Reduction
    deg        Degree(s)
    degC       Degrees Celcius
    degF       Degrees Fahrenheit
    degK       degrees Kelvin
    degR       degrees Roentgen
    deriv      Derivative
    DFO        Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada)
    dil        Dilute(d) {Merck}
    DNA        Deoxyribonucleic acid
    DNAase     Deoxyribonuclease
    DMSO       Dimethylsulfoxide
    dp         Degree of polymerisation
    ds         Double stranded

    E          Glutamic Acid {Stryer}; Exponent (as in 6.022 x 10E23)(see also
               the entry for ^ )
    (E)-       Entgen (German for opposite) in naming cpds
    ECSAFoST   East,  Central  and  Southern  African Federation of Food
               Science & Technology
    ed         Edition {Merck}; editor
    eds        Editors {Merck}; editions
    ED         Effective dose
    EDTA       Ethylenediaminetetraacetic  acid. Also: Edathamil; Havidote;
               Edetic acid; and Versene Acid. {Merck}
    EFFST      European Federation for Food Science & Technology
    eg         For example (exempli gratia) {Merck}
    ELISA      Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    EPA        Environmental Protection Agency (of the United States)
    eq/eqn     Equation {Merck}
    equilib    Equilibrium {Merck}
    equiv      Equivalent
    Et-        Ethyl
    et al      And others (et alii) {Merck}
    EtOH       Ethanol; Ethyl Alcohol
    evap       Evaporated; evaporation {cf. Merck: evapn}
    EU         European Union (was the European Common Market)

    F          The Sterilisation Effect (see notes above on scripting)
    FAC        Food Advisory Committee (of the United Kingdom)
    FAO        Food and Agriculture Organisation (of the United Nations)
    FAQ        Frequently-asked question file (this file)
    fd         Freeze-dried; Freeze-drying
    FDA        Food and Drug Administration (of the US; also USFDA)
    FD&C       The US Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act {Merck}
    ff         Pages following (as in "see page 23, ff")
    FIFSTA     Federation of Institutes of Food Science & Technology of ASEAN
    fp         Freezing Point
    FP         Flavoprotein
    FS         Food Science
    FT         Fourier Transform(ation)

    G1P        Glucose phosphate
    G3P        Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    G6P        Glucose-6-phosphate
    GABA       Gamma aminobutyric Acid
    GC         Gas chromatography/ Gas Chromatograph
    GDP        Guanosine-5'-Diphosphate
    gi         Gastrointestinal (tract)
    GlcA       Gluconic Acid {Merck}
    GMP        Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate (guanylic acid) {Merck}; Good
               Manufacturing Practice
    GTP        Guanosine-5'-Triphosphate

    HACCP      Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
    HAZOP      Hazard and Operability Studies
    Hb         Hemoglobin
    HbCO       Carbon Monoxide Haemoglobin
    HbO2       Oxyhaemoglobin
    HDL        High-density lipoprotein
    HPLC       High-Pressure (performance, power)Liquid Chromatography {Merck}
    HSA        Human Serum Albumin
    HWC        Health and Welfare Canada

    IARC       International Agency for Research on Cancer {Merck}
    ICC        Interstate Commerce Commission (USA) {Merck}
    IDP        Inosine-5'-diphosphate {Merck}
    ie         That is; that is to say (id est) {Merck}
    IEF        Isoelectric Focusing {Merck}
    IFIC       International Food Information Council
    IFSTI      Institute of Food Science & Technology of Ireland
    IFST       Institute of Food Science and Technology
    ig         Intragastric
    IMP        Inosine-5'-monophosphate {Merck}
    incl       Including {Merck}; included
    inorg      Inorganic
    insol      Insoluble
    IR         Infra-red
    ISO        Internal Organisation for Standardisation {Merck}
    ISO 9000   An extension of GMP (which see) and TQM (which see),
               expanded to an internationally recognised set of quality
               control standards through improved documentation systems.
    ITP        Inosine-5'-triphosphate {Merck}
    IU         International Unit
    IUC        International Union of Chemistry {Merck}
    IUFoST     International Union of Food Science & Technology
    IUPAC      International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
    iv         Intravenous

    J          Joule(s)

    l-         levorotatory
    LC         Lethal Concentration {Merck}
    LC50       LC for 50% of animals tested
    LD         Lethal Dose {Merck}
    LD50       LD for 50% of animals tested
    LDL        Low-Density lipoproteins
    log        Common logarithm (Base 10)
    logn       Base n logarithm, where n is a base number (as in log2)
    loi        Limit of impurities {Merck}
    ln         Natural logarithm
    LPS        Lipopolysaccharide

    MAC        Maximum  allowable  Concentration {Merck}
    MAFF       Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (of the UK)
    max        Maximum; maxima {Merck}
    Mb         Myoglobin
    MbO2       Oxymyoglobin {Merck}
    MCA        Manufacturing Chemists Association (USA)
    mcg        Microgram
    mCi        Millicurie
    Me/Met     Methyl
    MetOH/MeOH Methanol; methyl alcohol
    mfg/mfr    Manufacture; manufacturing {Merck}
    min        Minimum; minutes
    MLD        Minimum lethal dose
    MO         Microorganism; Molecular Orbital
    MOA        Ministry of Agriculture (Canada)
    MOEE       Ministry of Environment and Energy (Canada)
    mp         Melting point
    ms-        Meso (internally compensated) {Merck}
    MS         Mass spectrometry
    mw         Molecular weight

    n          The Omega carbon (as in n-6 for "omega-6"); Avogandro's
               number; number of moles (as in PV=nRT).
    NAD+/NADH  Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced)
    NADP/NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)
    NBS        National Bureau of Standards (USA)
    NCAHF      National Council Against Health Fraud (USA)
    NCTC       National Collection of Type Cultures (USA)
    NDP/NMP/NTP N-5'-mono/di/triphosphate, where N is any nucleoside
    ng         Nanogram
    NIOSH      National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health {Merck}
    nm         Nanometers
    NMR        Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
    NRDC       National Research Development Corporation (USA) {Merck}
    NSAID      Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs {Merck}
    NSC        National Service Center (USA) {Merck}
    NSERC      National Science and Engineering Research Council (Canada) 
    NSF        National Science Foundation (USA)
    NZIFST     New Zealand Institute of Food Science & Technology

    o-         Ortho
    O          Oxygen; denoting attachment to an oxygen atom {Merck}
    OAA        Oxaloacetate
    OD         Optical density
    OSHA       Occupational Health and Safety Act (USA) {Merck}
    OsM        Osmolar

    p-         Para
    Pa         Pascal
    PABA       Para-Aminobenzoic Acid
    PAGE       Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    pH         The negative base-10 log of the H+ concentration
    pK         The  negative base-10 logarithm of the equilibrium constant,
               K, for the reaction in question.
    ppb        Parts per billion
    ppm        Parts per million
    ppt        Precipitate(d)
    Pr         n-Propyl

    Q          Glutamine {Stryer}; Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)
    QA         Quality Assurance
    QC         Quality Control
    qv         which see (quod vide) {Merck}

    R          Arginine {Stryer}; Universal gas constant; alkyl group {Merck}
    (R)-       Rectus (Right) (naming groups around a central carbon) {Merck}
    RIST       Radioimmunosorbent test {Merck}
    RNA        Ribonucleic acid
    hnRNA      Heterogenous nuclear RNA
    mRNA       Messenger RNA
    nRNA       Nuclear RNA
    rRNA       Ribosomal RNA
    snRNA      Small Nuclear RNA
    tRNA       Transfer (soluble) RNA
    RNase      Ribonuclease
    RNI        Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canadians
    RTECS      Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

    s-         symmetrical
    S          Serine {Stryer}; Sulfur; denoting attachment to S
    (S)-       Sinister (left) (Opposite of R) {Merck}
    sc         Subcutaneous
    SDS        Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
    sec        Seconds
    sec-       Secondary; attachment to secondary carbon
    sg/sp gr   Specific gravity
    SI         International System of Units
    sol        Soluble; solubility
    ss         Single stranded
    STP        Standard Temperature and Pressure
    sym-       Symmetrical

    T          Threonine {Stryer}; Temperature
    T(1/2)     Half-life
    TDP/TMP/TTP Thymidine di/mono/triphosphate {Merck}
    TDT        Thermal death time (for MO's (which see))
    temp       Temperature
    tert-      Tertiary; denoting attachment to tertiary carbon
    Tris       tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
    TQM        Total-Quality Management

    UDP/UMP/UTP Uridine di/mono/triphosphate
    UKFFoST    UK Federation for Food Science and Technology
    USD        United States Dispensatory {Merck}
    USDA       United States Department of Agriculture {Merck}
    USFDA      The United States Food and Drug Administration (also FDA)
    USP        United States Pharmacopeia {Merck}
    uv         Ultraviolet

    v          Volume; volt(s)
    VLDL       Very Low-Density Lipoproteins
    vol        Volume
    vs         Versus
    v/v        % Volume in volume {Merck}

    WHO        World Health Organisation (United Nations)
    wt         weight
    w/v        % Weight in volume {Merck}
    w/w        % Weight in weight {Merck}

    Z          Glutamine or glutamic acid {Stryer}; Z-Value - the change in
               temperature needed to change TDT by a factor of 10.
    (Z)-       Zusammen (German for together) - or "Zame Zide" from my
               organic chemistry days :-) {Merck}


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Paul King                                      Oakville, ON
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