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This is the FAQ for the news:soc.culture.celtic newsgroup.
This FAQ was first launched May 1994.

Craig Cockburn craig@SiliconGlen.com (editor)

Preliminary notes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Since this FAQ was first posted in 1994, a number of new newsgroups have
started to cater for Celtic countries. Where there is a FAQ for such a
group, I have provided a pointer to that group's FAQ rather than
duplicate the information in here.

This FAQ is a living document, if there's any corrections, additions or
comments you'd like to make, please send them to me for the next edition.
The usual major updates for the rtfm.mit.edu archive are the Celtic
quarter days of 1-Feb; 1-May (Beltain); 1-Aug; 1-Nov (Samhainn)

Accents in this document are represented by a / or \ after the vowel in
question e.g.  e/ represents e-fada  (=e acute)

Contents
~~~~~~~~

The Celts
=========
[1.1] The Celts
[1.2] Reading material
[1.3] The Celtic languages
[1.4] Celtic language mailing lists
[1.5] Where can I get Celtic Music?
[1.6] How do I identify which Celtic language this is?
[1.7] Books for Celtic names for children
[1.8] Multilingual publications
[1.9] General on-line language resources
[1.10] Pan Celtic information
[1.11] Celtic League
[1.12] Celtic Congress

Celtic Countries
================
(alphabetic by name in their main Celtic language)

[2] Alba - Scotland
[3] Alba Nuadh - Nova Scotia
[4] Breizh - Brittany
[5] Cymru - Wales
[6] Eire - Ireland
[7] Kernow - Cornwall
[8] Mannin - Isle of Man

Other locations
===============
[9] Celtic events & societies around the world



[1.1] Historical background

The Celts (pronounced with a hard C like "Claymore") appear in Europe
as a group of peoples who spoke languages in the Celtic branch of the
Indo-European family of languages. Other branches of the Indo-European
family are Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Germanic
(includes  English), Greek, Indo-Iranian, Italic (Latin based) and
Tocharian. European languages *not* belonging to the Indo-European group
are Basque, Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian and Lappish (also called Saami).
Basque is notable in that it is almost certainly a remnant of the languages
present in Europe before the Indo-European expansion.  Hungarian, however,
was brought from the East at a later date. Pictish (now extinct) was also
probably non IE, more of this later.

The Celts evolved from the Urnfield Culture (given that name because of the
burial system of cremation and placement of ashes in urns which in turn were
buried in fields...)  much earlier than the Romanized Celtic world of the
late 500-400 BC.

I use the word "evolve" because it is difficult to define just when the
Celts became a culture unto themselves.  That said, a culture can be
defined according to economic stability, shared religious beliefs and
social structure.

Around 1500-1000BC, the Celts lived in an area which today is mostly in
Eastern France. The area stretched from roughly where Luxembourg is today
to a bit further south than Geneva and took in parts of modern day
West Germany and Switzerland. It was an area a little bigger than the
island of Ireland.

The Celts then expanded to cover an area covering most of Western
Europe and Central Europe. Around 400BC, the Celts lived in what
is now called Britain, Ireland, France (i.e. Gaul), Luxembourg, Belgium,
Switzerland, Austria, and the Czech and Slovak Republics. Celts also
lived in parts of Spain (notable Galicia), northern Italy, The Netherlands,
the southern half of Germany, and parts of Poland and Russia (source: "The
Story of English", Faber and Faber; BBC books 1992).

After the height of their power, the Celts (the first Indo-European
group to spread across Europe) were pushed north and west by successive
waves of Indo-European peoples, notably Germanic and Latin based. The main
migration was by the Galli or Gauls into France, northern Italy and the
north of Europe.

>From "The Celts", by Frank Delaney (Grafton Books, a division of Collins
Publishing Group; copyright London 1986):

Hallstatt - This site at Hallstatt, Austria, was first uncovered by a
George Ramsauer (a local) in 1846.  It was not until 30 years later that
a team of investigators from the Academy of Sciences in Vienna performed
an exhaustive investigation of the local salt mine (the natural resource
that had supported a local economy near Hallstatt for perhaps 4500 years)
and the approximately 2500 grave sites there.

The time in European history of this snapshot of Celtic cultural
development is approximately 800 B.C.  The Celtic people here were an
iron using people who traded salt to the south as far as Italy and as
far north as Bohemia. "The grave goods - predominantly iron-made - ...
indicated a sophisticated and hierarchical society.  These people,
superb iron-workers, owned and buried beautifully-decorated vessels,
ornamented weaponry and horse trappings, all of a standard much
advanced upon that recorded from earlier Europe, reflecting a decisive
and recognizable social structure."

Prior to these discoveries at Hallstatt, the Iron Age map of Europe only
included Rome and Greece as "civilizations".  "But now 'the glory that was
Greece, the grandeur that was Rome' had a proven tangible rival - the
opulence and clear structure of the Celtic civilization."

"The Hallstatt Culture reflects the Celts in their state of development
between the beginning of the ninth century B.C. and the middle of the
seventh century B.C. - an iron-using, farming, trading people with fixed
patterns of habitation and society."  So, the term Hallstatt has more to
do with the state of development of the whole society than the time at
which this development was achieved.  For example, artifacts found in
Ireland dated four-hundred years later than those found at Hallstatt may
still be described as Hallstatt based on the way in which they were made
and the reflections of their local society.

La Tene -- In 1858, near Neuchatel, Switzerland, another trove of Celtic
objects was uncovered.  Subsequent excavations in this area indicated that
"busy and continuous life" had existed by the lake at Neuchatel for hundreds
of centuries.

As the Hallstatt cultural period of the Celts lasted from between 800/700 B.C.
to 600/500 B.C., "La Tene denotes a period which took over from Hallstatt
Culture".  La Tene Culture can be divided into three periods:  Early La Tene,
600-500 B.C.; Middle La Tene, 300-100 B.C.; and Late La Tene which leads into
the end of Celtic dominance in central Europe as the Roman Empire began to
expand north of the Alps.

"If Hallstatt Culture may be seen as survival and breakthrough from basic
comfort to the nucleus of civilization, the Celts of La Tene Culture,
luxuriated, shone, swaggered, thought, expressed themselves....La Tene
meant more lavish burials, more advanced decoration on swords, helmets,
brooches, more cosmopolitan influence."

"La Tene Culture lifts the Celts from being just another of the myriad
European tribally-originated peoples who made an impact in the days before
literacy.  La Tene spirit establishes the Celts as a real 'civilization'".

"La Tene Culture finds the Celts amongst wealth and glory and
possession and expression.  They had mobility, style, trade, power.
They had given themselves definition; they had acquired a considerable
presence; and they had, for their elegance and heroism, earned respect,
an assured people.  The way of the Celts within that period, the five
hundred years or so before Christ, fixed them in the popular
imagination - mythological in splendour, glorious in their gold and
jewels, mysterious in the tracery of their ornamentation, opulent in
the  evidence of their possessions."

"And the term 'La Tene' defines the essential vision of the Celts and
their  civilization, marks their major cultural presence in Europe,
when their attitude , personality, style, came of age.  Through La
Tene, Europe saw them as important, powerful and fascinating.
Their spread across the continent, their multifarious presence, made
them a force to be reckoned with."

There are some Celtic artifacts in the Hungarian National History
Museum in Budapest.  Gellert Hill, which towers over the Danube on  the
Buda side of the river, was once a Celtic fort.  After pushing through
the area on their original journeys across Europe, Celtic peoples from
what became from France returned to the area around the 4th century I
believe.  They introduced coinage to the area and traded. Outside of
Budapest, there are Roman ruins which were built over the site of a
Celtic village.  The Romans called the place Aquinctum -- which was
based on An-ke (I believe) which meant 'place near water' in the Celtic
language of that particular group.

Hallstatt culture
-----------------
See http://www.interaktive.com/Museum (in German)

If you have any questions about The Hallstatt-Period or questions about our
History, please mail me. I try to answer or give it to the people, who
know the right answer. In a few days you can see at this page all the
books we have about the Hallstatt-Period.

Greetings from Hallstatt to UK
Herbert DITACHMAIR
mailto:didi@ping.at
http://www.interaktive.com/Orte/Hallstatt.htm (in German)


[1.2] Reading material

This is an extensive list of Celtic studies research material. This was
compiled by Denise Inglis and was compiled during research for her
thesis. This list is also available to FTP from
ftp://yeats.csufresno.edu/pub/misc/celtic_studies.bib

Celtic reading list compiled by Denise Inglis
mailto:DENISEI@alcon.acu.edu

Reading list
------------
First Light on an Irish Tomb (ancient tomb at Newgrange may have had
astronomical function.)  Science News 135 (Feb. 11, 1989) : 88ff.

Alcock, Leslie.  Arthur's Britain : History and Archaeology - A. D. 367-634.
London : Allen Lane, 1974.

Anderson, Marjorie O.  The Celtic Church in Kinrimund.  IN The Mediaeval
Church of St. Andrews.

Arbesmann, Rudolph.  The cervuli and anniculae in Caesarius of Arles.
Traditio 35:89-119 1979.

Bamford, Christopher.  Ecology and Holiness : The Heritage of Celtic
Christianity.  Epiphany : A Journal of Faith and Insight. No. 3, 66-78, Spring
1983.

Bammesberger, Alfred, and Wollmann, Alfred, eds.  Britain 400-600: language
and history [conf pprs, Celtic and Anglo-Saxon lang & hist, Eichstatt, W
Germany, 1988; indexed selectively].  Anglistische Forschungen, 205.
Heidelberg, Germany : Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1990.

Barton, Beverly.  Sketches and Reflections on a Celtic Pilgrimage.  illus, by
M. Bowes & A. Mitchell. Epiphany : A Journal of Faith and Insight 6 No. 4,
70-75 Summer, 1986.

Beaulieu, Jean-Baptiste Colbert de.  La monnaie au nom des rois Gesatorix
et Ecritusirus.  IN Studia Paulo Naster Oblata, 1; ed by S Scheers, 1982. pp.
305-322.

Bede.  Opera Historica.  Loeb Classical Library, 2 vol. Cambridge,
Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1954.

Biel, Jorg.  A Celtic Grave in Hochdorf, Germany.  Archaeology 40 (Nov -
Dec, 1987) : 22ff.

Biel, Jorg.  Treasure From a Celtic Tomb.  National Geographic 157 (March
1980) : 428-438.

Bieler, Ludwig.  Ancient Hagiography and the Lives of St. Patrick.  IN Forma
futuri : studi in onone de Cardinale Michele Pelligrino. ed. Antonio
Maddalena. 650-655, 1975. Turin : Bottega d'Erasmo.

Bieler, Ludwig.  Christian Ireland's Graeco-Latin Heritage.  Studia Patristica
13 (part 2) ed. Elizabeth Livingstone. Berlin : Akademie-Verlag, 1975, 3-9.

Bieler, Ludwig.  Ireland: Harbinger of the Middle Ages.  New York : Oxford
University Press.

Bieler, Ludwig.  Patrick's Synod: A Revision.  Melange Offerts a
Mademoiselle C. Mohrmann ed. T. N. Hamess et. al. Utrecht/Anvers :
Spectrum Editeurs, 1963, 96-102

Bieler, Ludwig.  The Celtic Hagiographer.  Studia Patristica vol. 5, (1964)
243-265.

Bieler, Ludwig.  The Irish Penitentials : Their Religious and Social
Background.  Studia Patristica vol. 18 (Part II) ed. by F. L. Cross. Berlin,
1966, 329-339.

Bieler, Ludwig.  The Life and Legend of St. Patrick.  Dublin : Clonmore and
Reynolds, 1949.

Binchy, Daniel A.  A pre-Christian survival in mediaeval Irish hagiography.
IN Ireland in early medieval Europe; ed by D Whitelock; et al., 1982. pp.
165-178.

Birley, Eric.  The Deities of Roman Britain.  IN Principat 18,1 : Heidentum
: Dei religiosen Verhaltnisse in den Provinzen. Aufsteig und Niedergang der
romischen Welt 2, 18: 1, ed. by Wolfgang Haase. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter,
1986, pp. 3-112.

Boyd, Robin.  Ireland: Christianity discredited or pilgrim's progress?
Risk no. 37:1-127, 1988.

Boyle, Alexander.  The Birthplace of St. Patrick.  Scottish Historical Review
60 No.2, 156 160, October 1981.

Bradshaw, Brendan.  The wild and woolly West: early Irish Christianity and
Latin orthodoxy.  The churches, Ireland and the Irish; ed by W Sheils and D
Wood, 1989. pp. 1-23.

Brenneman, Walter L.  Serpents, Cows and Ladies : Contrasting Symbolism
in Irish and Indo-European Cattle Raiding Myth.  History of Religion 28 :
340-354, May 1989.

Brown, T. J.  An Historical Introduction to the Use of Classical Latin
Authors in the British Isles From the 5th to the 11th Century.  IN La Cultura
antica nell'Occidente Latinodal 7 all 11 secolo. ed, Jeauneau, Edouard.
237-293, 1975. (22nd Conference Centro Italiano di Studi sull'alto Medioevo.
Spoleto, Italy : Centro Italiano di Studisull'alto Medioevo.)

Browne, Ray Broadus.  The Celtic Cross, Studies in Irish Culture and
Literature.  Freeport, New York : Books for Libraries Press, 1970.

Butler, L. A. S.  Continuity of settlement in Wales in the central Middle Ages.
IN Studies in Celtic survival; ed by L. Laing, 1977. pp. 61-66.

Carey, John.  Ireland and the Antipodes: the heterodoxy of Virgil of Salzburg.
Speculum 64 : 1-10, January 1989.

Carmichael, Alexander, ed.  Sun [Celtic poem fr The Sun Dance, 1960].
Epiphany 6 No 1:78, Fall 1985.

Carmichael, Alexander, ed.  The voice of thunder [Celtic poem fr The Sun
Dance, 1960].  Epiphany 6 No. 1:79, Fall 1985.

Carmichael, Alexander, ed.  The new moon [Celtic poem fr The Sun Dance,
1960].  Epiphany 6 No 1:79, Fall 1985.

Cathasaigh, Donal O.  The cult of Brigid: a study of pagan-Christian
syncretism in Ireland (bibliog, maps, photos).  IN Mother worship: theme and
variations; ed by J. Preston, 1982. pp. 75-94.

Chadwick, Nora K.  Celtic Britain.  Ancient People and Places Series, vol. 34,
ed. Dr. Glyn Daniel. New York : Frederick A. Praeger, 1963.

Chadwick, Nora K.  Studies in the Early British Church.  London :
Cambridge University Press, 1958.

Chadwick, Nora K.  The Celts.  Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England :
Penguin Books, 1970.

Chadwick, Nora K.  The Druids.

Chaney, W. A.  Royal Role in the Conversion of England.  Journal of Church
and State 9 : 317-331, August 1967.

Charriere, Georges.  Feux, buchers, et autodafes bien de chez nous.  Revue de
l'histoire des religion 194 : 23-64, July 1978.

Chute, Desmond.  On St Columban of Bobbio [Vita S Columbani].  Downside
Review 67:170-182,304-314, 1949.

Confren, Mary.  The Serpent and the Goddess : Women Religion, and Power
in Celtic Ireland.  1st ed. San Francisco : Harper and Row, 1989.

Cooke, Richard Joseph, Bp, 1853-1931.  The ancient British and Ephesian
succession theories.  Methodist Review 80:249-269 Mr 1898.

Corbett, Deborah.  The voice of the Celtic harp [photos; Celtic modal scales].
Epiphany 5 No. 1 : 22-26, Fall 1984.

Cowan, Edward J.  Myth and identity in early medieval Scotland.  Scottish
Historical Review 63 : 111-135, October 1984.

Cowdrey, Herbert E. J.  Bede and the 'English people'.  Journal of Religious
History 11, 501 - 523, December 1981.

Creban, Joseph H.  The Theology of Eucharistic Consecration : Role of the
Priest in Celtic Liturgy (periglawr).  Theological Studies 40, 334-343. June
1979.

Cunliffe, Barry.  Celtic death rituals [Danebury pit burials; photos].
Archaeology 41 no 2:39-43, 1988.

Curran, M.  Sacratissimi Martyres and Early Irish Latin Hymns.  Studia
Patristica 15, pt. 1, 539-544, 1984.

Davidson, H R Ellis.  Mithraism and the Gunderstrup bowl [figs].  IN
Mithraic studies, v 2; ed by J Hinnells, 1975. pp. 494-506.

Davies, Wendy.  Celtic Women in the Early Middle Ages.  IN Images of
Women in Antiquity 145-166, 1983. ed. Averil Cameron and Amelie Kurt.
Detroit, Michigan : Wayne State University Press, 1983.

Davies, Wendy.  Property rights and property claims in Welsh vitae of the
eleventh century.  IN Hagiographie cultures et societies; by F Dolbeau, et al.,
1981. pp. 515-533.

Davies, Wendy.  The Latin charter-tradition in western Britain, Brittany and
Ireland in the early mediaeval period.  IN: Ireland in early medieval Europe;
ed by D Whitelock; et al., 1982. pp. 258-280.

De Vries, Jan.  La religion des Celts.  The religion of Mankind Series, No. 18.
Paris : Payot, 1984.

De Waal, Esther.  The extraordinary in the ordinary (Celtic sacramental
practice of verse in daily life).  Weavings 2 : 6-15 May - June, 1987.

Deanesly, Margaret.  The Pre-Conquest Church in England.  New York :
Oxford University Pres, 1961.

Debarge, Louis.  Le syncretism religieux : druidisme et Christianisme.
Melanges de Sciences Religieuses 46 : 5-21, March 1989.

Delaney, John J. ed.  Saints for All Seasons.  Garden City, New York :
Doubleday, 1978.

Demoule, Jean-Paul.  L'analyse archeologique de cimitieres et l'example des
necropoles celtiques.  IN La mort et les morts dans la societes anciennes. ed.
Cherardo Anoli et Jean Pierre Vernant, 319-337, 1982. Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Dillon, Myles.  Early Irish Literature.  Chicago : University of Chicago Press,
1948.

Dillon, Myles.  The Cycles of the Kings.  London : Oxford University Press,
1946.

Dooley, Kate.  From Penance to Confession : The Celtic Contribution.
Bijdragen : Tijdschrift voor Philosophie en Theologie 43 : 390-411, 1982.

Draak, Maartje.  Migration over sea [Celtic gods in Irish mythology].  Numen
9:81-98, 1962.

Drury, P. J.  Non-classical religious buildings in iron age and Roman Britain
: a review [maps; bibliog].  IN Temples, churches and religion, pt 1; ed by W
Rodwell, 1980. pp. 45-78.

Dumville, David N.  Beowulf and the Celtic world: the uses of evidence [figs].
Traditio 37:109-160, 1981.

Duncan, Archibald A.  Bede, Iona and the Picts.  IN Writing of History in
the Middle Ages : Essays Presented to Richard William Southern. 1-42, 1981.
ed. John M. Wallace-Hadrill, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1981.

Duval, Paul M.  Observation sur les dieux de la Gaule.  Revue de l'histoire
des religions 145 (January - March, 54) : 5-17.

Enright, Michael J.  The Sutton Hoo whetstone sceptre: a study in
iconography and cultural milieu.  IN: Anglo-Saxon England, 11; ed by P
Clemoes, 1983. pp. 119-134.

Evans-Wentz, W. Y.  The Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries.  New Hyde Park,
New York : University Books, 1966.

Laing, Lloyd.  The Origins of Britain.  New York : Schribner, 1980.

Farmer, David H.  Benedict's Disciples.  Leominster, Great Britain : Fowler
Wright Books, Ltd., 1980.

Fenn, R. W. D.  Age of the Saints.  IN A History of the Church in Wales. ed.
by David Walker 1-23, 1976. Penarth, Wales : Church in Wales Publishing,
1976.

Ferguson, Everett, et al., eds.  Encyclopedia of Early Christianity  New York
: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990.

Ford, Patrick K.  Celtic Women : the Opposing Sex.  IN Viator, vol 19 :
Medieval and Renaissance Studies, eds. Benson, Robert L.; A. R. Branmuller,
Robert I. Burns et al. Berkeley, California : University of California Press,
1988.

Forrester, Duncan B. and Douglas M. Murray, ed.  Studies in the History of
Worship in Scotland.  Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark, 1984.

Fox, Cyril, Sir.  The Early Cultures of North-west Europe.  H. M. Chadwick
Memorial Studies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1950.

Frend, William H. C.  Ecclesia Britannica Prelude or Dead End?  Journal of
Ecclesiastical History 30 : 129-144, April 1979.

Frey, Otto-Herman.  The chariot tomb from Adria: some notes on Celtic
horsemanship and chariotry [photos; il; bibliog].  IN To illustrate the
monuments; ed by J Megaw, 1976. pp. 171-179.

Frye, Roland M.  Christ and Ingeld. (Anglo-Saxon myth)  Theology Today
11, 225-232, July, 1954.

Grant, R. M.  Christianity in Roman Britain.  Anglican Theological Review
51 : 79-96 April 1969.

Green, Miranda J.  Triplism and plurality: intensity and symbolism in Celtic
religious expression [bibliog, photos]  IN Sacred and profane; ed by P
Garwood, et al., 1991. pp. 100-108.

Green, Miranda.  The Gods of the Celts.  Totowa, New Jersey : Barnes &
Noble, 1986.

Green, Miranda.  Theomorphism [photos; history of eastern influences in
Great Britain].  IN Roman life and art in Britain, 2; J Munby and M Henig,
eds., 1977. pp. 297-326.

Greene, David H, ed.  An Anthology of Irish Literature.  New York : The
Modern Library. 1954.

Gwynn, Aubrey and R. Neville Hadcock.  Medieval Religious Houses :
Ireland.  Harlow : Longmans, 1970.

Hanson, R. P. C.  St. Patrick, a saint for all traditions.  193-196. IN Askum
Thyateira : Festschrift Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain.
London, England : Thyateira House, 1985.

Hanson, R. P. C.  The Life and Writings of St. Patrick.  New York : Seabury
Press, 1983.

Hanson, R. P. C.  Patrick and the Mensura fidei.  IN Studia Patristica vol.
10, pt. 1, ed. F. Cross, 109-111, 1970.

Hanson, R. P. C.  St. Patrick, His Origins and Career.  London : Oxford
University Press, 1968.

Hanson, R. P. C.  The Omissions in the Text of the Confession of St. Patrick
in the Book of Armagh.  IN Studia Patristica vol. 12, pt. 1, ed. Elizabeth
Livingstone 91-95, 1975.

Hatchett, Marion J.  The eucharistic rite of the Stowe missal  Time and
community; ed by J. Alexander, 1990. pp. 153-170

Heailidhe, Padraig O.  Crosses and slabs at St Berrihert's Kyle in the Glen of
Aherlow.  IN North Munster studies; Essays for M Moloney; ed by E Rynne,
1967. pp. 102-132.

Heist, William H.  Hagiography, chiefly Celtic, and recent developments in
folklore.  IN Hagiographie cultures et societies; by F. Dolbeau, et al., 1981.
pp. 121-141.

Heist, William W.  Irish Saints' Lives, Romance and Cultural History.  IN
Medieval Hagiography and Romance ed. P. Clogan 25-40, 1975. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press. (Medievalia et Humanistica, new series, No. 6.)

Henry, Franoise.  Irish Art in the Early Christian Period (to 800 A. D.)
Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press, 1965.

Henry, Patrick Leo.  The Early English and Celtic Lyric.  London : Allen and
Unwin, 1966.

Herbert, Maire.  The Bible in early Iona [bibliog].  IN The Bible in Scottish
life and literature; ed by D Wright, 1988. pp. 131-139.

Horgan, John.  Irish Mist; A Tomb in Ireland May be the Oldest
Astronomical Structure.  Scientific American, 260 (April, 1989) : 22ff.

Hubert, Henri.  The Greatness and Decline of the Celts.  London, K. Paul,
Trench, Trubner, 1934.

Hughes, Kathleen.  Evidence for Contacts Between Churches of the Irish and
English From the Synod of Whitby to the Viking Age (664 - 9th Century). IN
England Before the Conquest : Studies in Primary Sources Presented to
Dorothy Whitelock. ed. Peter Clemoes and Kathleen Hughes 49-67, 1971,
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1971.

Hughes, Kathleen.  Sanctity and Secularity in the Early Irish Church.  IN
Sanctity and Secularity : Paper Read at the 11th Summer Meeting and the
12th Winter meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. ed. Derek Baker,
21-37, 1973. Oxford : Basil Blackwell Press. Studies in Church History Vol.
10.

Hyde, Douglas.  A Literary History of Ireland From Earliest Times to the
Present Day.  New York : Barnes & Noble, 1967.

Jackson, Kenneth.  Language and History in Early Britain : A Chronological
Survey of the Brittonic Languages, 1st to 12th century A. D.  Edinburgh :
University Press, 1971.

John, Eric.  The social and political problems of the early English church.
Land, church and people; ed by J Thirsk, 1970. pp. 39-63.

Jones, W. R.  Medieval State-building and the Churches of the Celtic Fringe.
Journal of Church and State 16 : 407-419, August, 1974.

Joyce, P. W.  Old Celtic Romances.  London : Longmans, Green & Co., 1920.

Keane, Edward.  St. Patrick's Journey Through West Limerick.  IN North
Munster Studies : Essays for M. Moloney. ed. by E. Rynne. 169-171, 1967.
Limerick : The Thomond Archaeological Society, 1967.

Kelly, Joseph F. T.  Books, Learning, and Sanctity in Early Christian Ireland.
Thought LIV (1979).

Kelly, Joseph F. T.  The Virgin Birth in Hiberno-Latin Theology.  Studia
Patristica 15, pt 1, 328-335, 1984.

Kelly, Joseph F. T.  The Escape of St. Patrick From Ireland (Confessio 17 -
19; 23).  Studia Patristica 18, vol 1, 41-45, 1986.

Kelly, Joseph F. T.  The Attitudes Toward Paganism in Early Christian
Ireland.  IN Diakonia : Studies in Honor of Robert T. Meyer. 214-223, 1986.
ed. Thomas Halton, and Joseph P. Williamson, Washington, D. C. : Catholic
University of America Press, 1986.

Kendrick, T. D.  The Druids : A Study in Keltic Prehistory.  New York :
Barnes & Noble, 1966.

Kenney, James F.  The Sources for the Early History of Ireland I :
Ecclesiastical.  New York : Octagon Books, 1966 (1929).

Knudsen, Johannes.  Celtic Christianity.  Dialog (Minnesota) 22 : 56-59,
Winter 1983.

Knudsen, Johannes.  Let's go a few steps further. [worship practices]  Dialog
20 : 61-63, Winter 1981.

Laing, Lloyd, ed.  Studies in Celtic survival [papers from conf on Celtic
continuity, Liverpool, England, March 1976; indexed selectively].  British
Archaeological Reports, 37. Oxford, England: British Archaeological Reports,
1977.

Laing, Lloyd.  Celtic Britain.  Britain Before the Conquest Series, ed. Andrew
Wheatcraft. London : Paladin Books, 1981.

Laing, Lloyd.  Segontium and the post-Roman occupation of Wales.  IN
Studies in Celtic survival; ed by L. Laing, 1977. pp. 57-60.

Laing, Lloyd.  The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain & Ireland.  London :
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